華語及英語二語教材架構與練習比較研究—以《American Headway》及《中文聽說讀寫》為例

A Comparative Study on Structures and Exercises in CSL and ESL textbooks: Using Integrated Chinese and American Headway as a Reference

劉彥珈(Liu Yen-Chia)

指導教授 ： 曾金金

國立臺灣師範大學/國際與社會科學學院/華語文教學系/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202001127

摘要

一部教材的練習對課堂教學品質有直接的影響。語言教材練習的作用在於檢測學習者的輸入、輸出，以及學習者是否有效習得，其重要性不言而喻。綜觀諸多華語教材相關文獻，都提到華語教材練習有許多待改進之處，例如：練習拘泥於語法操練，機械性練習較多，交際性的練習相對少，練習不足等問題。此外，教材整體編輯架構會影響練習的分布及類型，因此在探討教材練習時，不能將教材架構排除在外。故教材架構以及教材練習為本研究兩大分析方向。
本文主要採取內容分析法，先從文獻歸納出教材架構與練習的分析依據—教材編寫原則及教材練習評估面向，再剖析中級華語及英語二語教材的架構與練習。首先，從全冊、各課及教材內容等三方面切入分析架構，再對教材練習的種類、控制程度、聽說讀寫比例、主題相關性及活動參與形式等進行分析。最後，總結這兩部二語教材的練習及架構差異程度。
研究發現華語教材的架構是主體部分與練習部分的二分法，而英語教材的架構則是無主體部分，練習分散於該課各區塊。華語教材練習圍繞該課的課文發展，各課單元名稱、順序固定，但練習之間關聯不緊密，內容則以語法結構為主。而英語教材則是以話題為主發展出多篇課文及練習，雖各課單元名稱、順序不固定，但練習間關聯緊密，符合該課主題。內容方面，華語教材話題侷限校園生活，版面整齊有系統，但略嫌單調；而英語教材則話題多樣，易引起討論，雖每課版面設計不一，看似不整齊，但版面活潑吸引人。華語教材為「單一技能」的練習，一個單元只練習一樣技能，如：「聽」；英語教材為「合併技能」的練習，如：將「聽」、「說」結合在同一單元一起練習。參與形式方面，華語教材偏向一個單元一種參與形式；英語教材則是一個單元融合不同參與形式，如：將「個人練習」與「配對練習」融合在一個練習單元中。英語教材的練習題及練習種類均比華語教材量多及豐富，兩部皆是以教師為中心的教材。最後筆者再就研究發現提出華語教材練習的編寫建議並在文末設計了一些範例。

關鍵字

華語教材 ； 二語教材 ； 練習 ； 教材架構 ； 話題

並列摘要

The quality of textbooks has a significant impact on the quality of teaching. Exercises in textbooks give L2 learners opportunities to be exposed to comprehensible input and to produce output. Exercises can also be used to check effective learner language acquisition. Recent research shows that exercises in CSL textbooks tend to focus on grammar, mainly mechanical drills, while there are relatively fewer communicative drills. Furthermore, studies also show that exercises in CSL textbooks are often inadequate, irrelevant to the topic, etc. The structure of the whole textbook has great influence on the exercise types and the layout of the exercises. Therefore, the structures are taken into consideration while analyzing exercises. This research includes the structure and the exercises of the textbooks.
The research methodology used in this study is content analysis. Firstly, the study reviews literature on second language acquisition and language teaching materials, analyzing the structure, contents and practical exercises in an attempt to find key principles of structure and exercise design in textbooks to base further comparative analysis of CSL and ESL on. Secondly, the analysis compares the structure as a whole, the contents, the titles of the units and practical exercises in the textbooks. In comparing the exercises, a review is made of the level of control, four skills’ percentage, the relationship between exercises and text, types of participation, and the layout. Finally, this study sums up the key differences, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of both textbooks with the aim of providing recommendations for the future design of exercises in Mandarin teaching materials.
The study found that the structure of CSL textbooks can be divided into two parts: (1) a main text part and (2) accompanying exercises; while the structure of ESL textbooks is not dichotomous. CSL textbook exercises are based on the main text parts. The titles and the order of the units are fixed in each lesson. However, the connections between exercises in CSL textbooks are weak and the content is usually form-focused. ESL textbook exercises are topic-based. One lesson topic can develop numerous texts and exercises. The titles and the order of the units are different in each lesson, but the connections between exercises are strong and in accordance with the lesson topic. The topics of CSL textbooks are confined to campus life. On the other hand, ESL textbooks cover a variety of topics, which can trigger conversation easily. CSL textbook page layouts are uniform and clear, though can appear lacklustre. ESL textbook page layouts are different in each lesson and the designs are lively and appealing. As far as language skills are concerned, CSL textbooks primarily focus on one skill in an exercise while ESL textbooks tend to combine two or more skills in an exercise. The number of exercises and exercise types in ESL textbooks are higher than those in CSL textbooks. Both CSL and ESL textbooks are teacher-centered teaching materials. Based on the research findings, the researcher designs a few exercises at the end of the study.

並列關鍵字

CSL textbooks ； Exercises ； Structures ； Exercise types ； The titles of the units

參考文獻

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