悲憫與畏懼的信仰—宜蘭溪南地區無祀孤魂信仰的發展與空間性

宜蘭民間信仰承襲部分中國閩粵漢人風俗，先民拓墾時將之攜入蘭地，而無祀孤魂信仰源遠流長，在臺灣民間信仰中屬於陰廟系統，其廟祠數量龐大、分布廣泛。本文研究以田野調查之文獻分析、觀察、訪問以及對研究資料的歸納分析，試圖理解宜蘭溪南地區無祀孤魂信仰的類型與發展歷程，特別是升格現象在宜蘭溪南地區無祀孤魂廟祠所扮演的重要性；並藉由各項資料剖析該類廟祠在地理空間分布、建築空間與祭祀空間的特性，以期理解廟祠與周圍人群、社區與地理空間的關係。據本研究的成果如下：其一，無祀孤魂廟祠在溪南地區種類繁多，部分廟祠翻修數次，藉由升格手段提升廟祠位階，使其神格提升，以蘇澳境內12座城隍廟為顯著事例。其二，在廟祠的地理空間分布上，鄰近水域空間的部分廟祠其骨骸來源與河川氾濫、海難背景相關；而鄰近墳塚區的廟祠其骨骸源自墳塚的可能性較高；此外，多數廟祠位於聚落邊緣或聚落的交界處，顯示民眾對於陰廟的設置多採迴避策略。其三，就廟祠的建築空間分析，通常神格階層較高之廟祠，其建築規模較大，建築元素多元；另就座向分析，以座北朝南、座西朝東者最為普遍，此與周圍地理環境空間特性、聚落分布、墳塚座落位置等相關。其四，就城隍廟的普渡祭典的儀式進行與空間配置，理解人與人、人與鬼以及人與地的關係。

關鍵字

民間信仰；無祀孤魂信仰；宜蘭溪南地區；神格化；空間性

並列摘要

Yilan’s folk religious traditions were inherited from social customs found in China’s Fujian and Guangdong provinces. Immigrants from these areas brought the customs with them when they settled in the Yilan area. The worship of wandering ghost has a long history. Common names for wandering ghosts. They are worshipped at numerous ghost temples in Taiwan, which can be found in many locations. The present study uses reference analysis of field investigation, observation, interviews, and inductive analysis of research materials to try and understand the type and development of wandering ghost worship in Yilan’s Xi’nan area. Of particular interest is the importance of promotion in spiritual hierarchy to the ghost temples in this region. The study materials are used to analyze the characteristics of temples in terms of geographic spatial distribution, architectural space, and worship space to comprehend the relationship between temples and their surroundings, communities, and geographic space. The following are the conclusions formulated in the study. Firstly, there is a wide variety of wandering ghost temples in the Xi’nan area. Some of the temples were rebuilt numerous times, allowing them to upgrade their status as well as that of the worshipped spirits. The twelve City God temples in the Suao area are excellent examples of this phenomenon. Secondly, in terms of the temples’ geographic spatial distribution, the bones worshipped at temples located near bodies of water primarily came from victims of flooding or the fury of the sea. The bones worshipped at temples located near burial sites were likely to have come from the burial sites. Furthermore, the large number of temples situated at the edges of or boundaries between settlements shows that people tended to shun ghost temples. Thirdly, the analysis of the architectural space of the temples shows those dedicated to spirits or deities with higher statuses tended to be larger and more intricate. The most common placement of temples was facing south and facing east. This is related to the surrounding geographic characteristics, the distribution of settlements, the location of burial sites and so on. Lastly, Ghost Festival rituals at City God temples were conducted and arranged taking into consideration the relationships between man and man, man and ghost, and man and land.