日治末期臺灣的神社昇格之研究——以國幣小社新竹、台中、嘉義神社為例

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吳思穎(Wu Ssu-Ying)

指導教授 ： 蔡錦堂

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/臺灣史研究所/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU201900286

摘要

日本殖民臺灣五十年，將近代化國家體制與設施引進臺灣，同時也引進了日本的傳統宗教信仰——神道教。不過日本統治臺灣之初，偏重在鎮壓抗日勢力及建立殖民式的基礎經濟建設，於日治初期先後建造了開山神社與臺灣神社還有臺中神社，但總督府並未在臺灣全面普及神道教。隨著1934年（昭和9年）臺灣總督府提出「一街庄一社」的廣建神社方針，1937年（昭和12年）支那事變爆發，臺灣總督府同時推動皇民化運動，於是在宗教層面希望能達到以日本國家神道取代臺灣固有宗教信仰的最終目標，此時神社建造的數量也較往年快速增加，只是1941年（昭和16年）12月太平洋戰爭的爆發，戰場擴大與物資的缺乏，此時期神社增建數量降低，將既有的神社予以昇格就成了推動神道教的另一種方式了，因此新竹神社、臺中神社、嘉義神社這三所神社便於此時期由縣社昇格為國幣小社。而目前臺灣在日治時期的神社研究中較少探究神社的昇格過程，故本文以這三所神社為中心，說明建造緣由、第二代神社改建的發展、及其昇格為國幣小社的過程，並試圖探討這三所神社能昇格到國幣小社社格的契機，雖然申請過程看似由下到上，聚集民意展現虔誠信仰的昇格申請，但實際上是於一街庄一社外，臺灣總督府特意引導，且配合地方政府的指示，民間再進行申請昇格。由上到下帶動民間，響應政府的擴大神道教的政策需求。

關鍵字

新竹神社 ； 臺中神社 ； 嘉義神社 ； 一街庄一社 ； 神社昇格

並列摘要

Taiwan had been under Japanese rule for fifty years and Japanese introduced the modernized system of state and facilities into Taiwan. Meanwhile, they also introduced the Japanese traditional religion--Shinto to Taiwanese.
In the early stage of Japanese Colonial Period, Japanese focused on suppressing the anti-Japanese forces and establishing a colonial basic economic construction. They had built the Kaizan Shrine, the Taiwan Grand Shrine, and the Taichu Shrine in succession. However, Taiwan Governor-general's Office didn’t fully popularize Shintoism in Taiwan in this stage.
In 1934（Showa 9）, Taiwan Governor-general's Office implemented a
policy of “One village one shrine”, which meaned widely establishing Shinto shrines. Then Taiwan Governor-general's Office implemented the policy of “Kominka Movement” in 1937（Showa 12）due to the July 7 incident.
The ultimate target of Japanese government was to make Taiwan's inherent religion be substituted with Japanese Shinto. The number of Shinto shrine’s buildings was also increasing rapidly compared to previous years in the period of time.
Nevertheless, the number of newly-built Shinto shrines decreased in 1941（Showa 16） because of the outbreak of Pacific war, the expansion of the battlefield, and the shortage of supplies. Taiwan Governor-general's Office implemented the alternative policy of upgrading of existing Shinto shrines. Therefore, the Shinchiku Shrine, Taichu Shrine and Kagi Shrine upgraded to “Kokuhei shousha” (國幣小社) in this period of time（The origin level is “Kensha” (縣社)）.
Up to now, in Taiwan, there have been fewer researches into the update process of the shrines during the period of Japanese occupation. The aim of this article is to figure out the reasons of building shrines, the development of second generation shrines, and the upgrade process and opportunity of the shrines, based on Shinchiku Shrine, Taichu Shrine and Kagi Shrine.
On the face of it, the shrines’ upgrade process seemed that the local inhabitants started to apply for the shrine’s upgrade spontaneously to show their faithful manners. The process presented the public gathering of devoted faith to establish shrines’ upgrade.
Nevertheless the fact was that the shrines’ upgrade was a government-guided policy. Besides the policy of One village one shrine, the local government guided the local residents to sign the petition of shrines’ upgrade in order to respond to the call of Taiwan Governor-general's Office. The aim was to promote the popularity of Shinto.

並列關鍵字

Shinchiku Shrine ； Taichu Shrine ； Kagi Shrine ； One village one shrine ； shrines’ upgrade

參考文獻

1.官方檔案

　《昭和十七年‧本邦神社關係雜件‧臺中神社及新竹神社關係》，（東京：拓務省、内務省，1945年）。(廣瀨順皓，〈戰中期殖民地行政史料教育、文化、宗教編〉，《茗荷谷研修所舊藏紀錄》，26卷宗敎編 2 ，（東京：ゆまに書房，2003年）) 。

　《昭和十九年‧本邦神社關係雜件‧嘉義神社關係》，（東京：拓務省、内務省，1945年）。(廣瀨順皓，〈戰中期殖民地行政史料教育、文化、宗教編〉，《茗荷谷研修所舊藏紀錄》，26卷宗敎編 2 ，（東京：ゆまに書房，2003年）) 。

日本拓務省、内務省

　《本邦神社關係雜件‧終戰ニ伴ヒ朝鮮臺灣及樺太ニ於ケル官国幣社廃止関係》，（東京：拓務省、内務省，1945年）。(廣瀨順皓，〈戰中期殖民地行政史料教育、文化、宗教編〉，《茗荷谷研修所舊藏紀錄》，26卷宗敎編 2 ，（東京：ゆまに書房，2003年）) 。