杜威之興趣觀及其對中國大陸基礎教育改革之啟示

「興趣」因於教育活動中的重要意義與價值而備受古今中外教育者之關注，不過，儘管興趣極其重要，卻不能唯興趣「馬首是瞻」。研究者發現，在教育民主化的世界教育變革趨勢下，中西教育改革史上都曾出現過度強調與誇大兒童興趣的傾向。直至今日，在中國大陸基礎教育改革的理論與實踐中，依然存在誤解與誤用「興趣」的現象，致使教學活動淪為「賦權」而不「增能」的荒誕活動。杜威以「二元調和」的思維方式，將興趣與知識的學習、教師的引導、學生的努力以及思維的訓練等要素進行調和，避免教育理論與實踐落入非此即彼的窠臼之中，可供今日改革作為參考。在本論文之研究內容方面，首先就傳統教育的弊端、心理學與兒童研究成果的進展、以及盧梭的兒童本位教育思想進行介紹，以理解杜威興趣觀形成的背景；其次，論述興趣的內涵，以及興趣與訓練之關係；接著探討杜威興趣觀與學校教育的關聯，包含杜威對教育目的、課程設計及教材教法的思考，以把握杜威興趣觀的全貌；最後梳理與分析當前中國大陸基礎教育改革中存在的問題，並以杜威興趣觀為切入點，為新課改提供啟示。杜威興趣觀對當前教育改革的啟示可歸為以下幾點：一、找尋教材與學生經驗的內在聯繫，以激發學生的間接興趣二、教學活動應將學生自主學習與教師價值引導相統一三、創設問題挑戰的課堂情境四、知識教育應考慮兒童的身心發展水平五、新課改應具有超越「二元對立」的整體觀

關鍵字

杜威；興趣；訓練；引導；知識；二元調和；課程改革

並列摘要

Because the importance and values of educational activities, "Interest" has attracted the attention of educators from ancient to modern and Chinese to foreign. However, “Interest” cannot be the exclusive criterion, despite it is extremely important. Under the reform trend of education democratization in the world, the researcher found tendencies to over-emphasize and exaggerate children's interests in the history of Chinese and Western education reform have happened. Up to now, "Interests" are still being misunderstood and misused in the theory and practice of basic education reform in mainland China. This phenomenon has led teaching activities to be absurd activities of "empowerment" rather than "improvement of ability". In the theory of Dewey’s reconciling dualisms, he integrates interests, knowledge learning, teacher’s guidance, students’ diligence and thinking training to avoid the false dilemma. It can be used as a reference for today's reforms. In the content of this article, firstly, the inadequacies of traditional education, the progress of psychology and children's research, and the Rousseau's education principles of children are introduced to explain the formation background of Dewey's interest concept. Secondly, the intention of interest and the relationship between interest and training are discussed. And then, the relationship between Dewey's interest view and school education is explored, including Dewey's thinking on educational purposes, curriculum design and teaching materials to summarize the overall view of Dewey's concept of interest. Finally, this article analyzes problems of current basic education reform in mainland China and treats the Dewey interest concept as an entry point to provide inspirations for the new curriculum reform. The inspirations of Dewey's interest view on current education reform can be classified as follows: 1. Find internal connections between teaching materials and student experience to encourage students' indirect interest 2. Teaching activities should unify student independent learning and value guidance from teachers 3. Create challenges in class situations 4. Knowledge education should be considered the level of psychosomatic development of children 5. The new curriculum reform should have a view of the "Reconciling Dualism"