《御製增訂清文鑑》滿漢對音研究

《御製增訂清文鑑》是清高宗的敕令編纂的滿漢辭典，作者為傅恒、劉統勳等，書中以漢字注滿音，以滿文注漢音。　　本研究考證出了該書祖本，並指出其他版本多出〈續入新語〉、〈二次續入新清語〉等，都是後人私修增補。　　《御製增訂清文鑑》滿漢對音所反映的官話音系，聲母雖與今天國語完全一致，但細節不盡相同。　　而所謂「尖團音」，原是滿語音學上的術語，尖音指滿語舌面音聲母，團音指滿語舌根音、小舌音聲母。滿語尖、團格局，恰巧可以對上漢語精系、見系格局，因此被混為一談。　　本論文認為──「精系顎化、見系不顎化」應是清初的官話標準音。尖團音分清之所以重要，是因為這涉及到了滿漢音譯。只要漢人講著標準音，就算沒學過滿文，看著漢譯，也能讀出滿文音；反之，若讀著「精、見系全顎化」的變音，就不能讀出正確的滿文音。可是，另一方面，有些人雖講著標準音，但受「精、見系全顎化」變音的干擾，也會讀錯，於是出現《圓音正考》這樣的參考書。　　相較於聲母，《御製增訂清文鑑》與今天國語在韻母上的分歧更大。多了ㄨㄜ[uә]、ㄧㄛ[io]，少了ㄨㄛ[uo]。若干明顯特徵，摘舉如下：　　一、[o]、[uo]合併為[o]。　　二、見系字果攝合口一等字，本應讀[o]，但部分字分化出[wә]。　　三、相同的音韻地位，常有混讀[o]、[ә]的現象。　　四、今國語[iai]韻幾乎消亡，所剩極少。滿漢對音，一半維持[iai]，一半變讀[ai]或[ie]。　　五、若干唇音字仍保持[-uәn]、[-oŋ]等合口呼。　　《御製增訂清文鑑》出現大量混讀的現象，一半近於古，一半近於今，揭示了語音的流變，並不是突然地改頭換面，而是緩慢地推進。　　新音的萌發可以很早，但新、舊音也可以共存很久。因此，文獻中出現舊音，不必然是因為作者有存古的意識。一半的人讀新音，看似聲勢浩大，但不能忽略仍有一半的人還在讀舊音。　　《御製增訂清文鑑》音系，並不是一地之方音，而是以北京話為基礎，依據文人對於雅音的共識，斟酌南北所形成的音。《御製增訂清文鑑》編纂者，有滿人，有漢人，也經過清高宗本人審閱。如果我們狹隘地認定皇帝本人的口音就是絕對標準的話，《御製增訂清文鑑》無疑是最接近清乾隆時期官話標準音的文獻！

關鍵字

御製增訂清文鑑；滿漢對音；官話

並列摘要

“Han i Araha Nonggime Toktobuha Manju Gisun i Buleku Bithe” is a Machu-Chinese dictionary, which was edited with Qián Lóng’s edict. The authors were Fuheng and Liú, Tǒng-Xūn. In this book, Machu pronunciation is noted with Chinese characters, and Chinese pronunciation is noted with Manchu alphabet. This study finds the original version; the other versions which contain “Continuing Added Vocabulary” and “Secondary Continuing Added New Manchu Vocabulary” all were enlarged privately by individual persons afterward. The initials of the Mandarin phonetic system which the “Han i Araha Nonggime Toktobuha Manju Gisun i Buleku Bithe” reflects match Mandarin today, but are not totally the same in details. The so-called “acute-round voices” was actually a term of Manchu phonetics. Acute voice is lingual initials of Manchu; round voice is velar and uvular initials of Machu. The condition of acute-round voices in Machu occasionally agree the one of “精set & 見set” in Chinese, so they are considered to be the same. “Palatalized精set & unpatalized 見set” should be the standard pronunciation of Mandarin in the beginning of Qīng Danasty. The reason why acute-round voices were so important is that they refer to Manchu-Chinese transliteration. As long as Chinese speak in standard pronunciation, even though they never learns Manchu, they still can read Manchu out just by reading Chinese transliteration; conversely, if they speak in “Palatalized精set & palatalized 見set”, they will never read correct Machu out. However, on the other hand, some people speak in standard, yet also read wrong for the interference of “Palatalized精set & palatalized 見set”. So, the reference book “Study of Round Voice” appeared. Compared with initials, rhymes of “Han i Araha Nonggime Toktobuha Manju Gisun i Buleku Bithe” differ much more from Mandarin’s. Here listed obvious features below: 1. [o] and[uo] merged as [o]. 2. 見系字果攝合口一等字 should read as [o]; some of them shifted into[wә]. 3. [o]、[ә] were often mixed up at the same phonetic condition. 4. [iai] rhyme hardly exist in Mandarin today, represented by very few characters. In Manchu-Chinese transliteration, half remained as [iai], and half become variantly pronounced as [ai] or [ie]. 5. Some bilabial characters remain as 合口呼 like [-uәn]、[-oŋ]. It is seen that the pronunciations of numerous characters were confused. Half is close to the old, and half is close to today’s, which reveals that phonetic change is not abrupt but proceeds slowly. After germination of a phonetic change, the older pronunciations can still survive along with it for a long time. Therefore, if a literature shows old pronunciation, it is not necessarily because the author wants to reserve old things. It looks popular if half people read new, but it souldn’t be ignore that there still are half people who read old. The phonetic system of “Han i Araha Nonggime Toktobuha Manju Gisun i Buleku Bithe” is not a dialect of a certain place but a phonetics which was based on Beijing dialect and according to the consensus for literate pronunciation by the intellectuals with the consideration about the southern and northern accents. The authors of “Han i Araha Nonggime Toktobuha Manju Gisun i Buleku Bithe” contained Manchurian and Chinese. Qián Lóng himself also had proofread and possessed the draft. If we narrowly define the absolute standard as the emperor’s accent, this book is no doubt the literature which is the closest to the standard Mandarin at Qián Lóng period.