臺南地區地方區劃名稱變遷之探討（1662-1920年）

本研究以地理學的空間傳統及人地觀點為立論基礎，探討鄭氏至日治中期（1662-1920年）臺南地區地方區劃名稱之變遷，透過文獻爬梳、地圖比對、網路檢索及族譜整理等科際整合的研究方法，追溯地方區劃的設立與國家力量制約、承繼原鄉對地方區劃的使用習慣之連結關係；另外透過田野調查，試圖了解今日臺南是否仍使用這些地方區劃。研究發現第一級地方區劃里、保（堡）實為國家力量對空間支配下的產物，「里」源於明代「里甲編制」，「保」則來自「保甲制」。為因應各階段的需求，里、保（堡）的設置或有差異，但大抵承襲前朝舊制，並且其空間範圍受制於自然環境。本文整理臺南世居家族族譜，發現祖籍地的空間分布具有地緣性且相當集中，綜合考量文化、語言、生活方式與宗教信仰等因素，推論基層地方區劃－「境」、「（小）鄉」、「（小）庄」和「社」的設立是移植原鄉舊慣，且使用上具有地域差異，如：漳州多以「社」、泉州則多用「（小）鄉」稱呼漢人基層聚落。值得注意的是，基層地方區劃「社」在原鄉用以指稱漢人聚落，傳至臺灣後起初延續原鄉用法，後來因為失去存在條件加以公文書寫上的強化，改為單一族群（原住民）使用。不過在今日臺南仍可找到「社」用來稱呼漢人聚落的用法，如安平區六部社即為確切的例證；因此吾人應改變以往認為「社」只用於原住民族的刻板印象，在教學、教科書出版或學術論著上對於臺灣帶有「社」字之地名，在釋義上要更為謹慎。 1920年總督府將地方區劃用詞統一，沿用數百年的地方區劃改為「市」、「街」和「庄」。今日，在學甲、佳里、七股、安定、仁德和玉井等地幾乎沒有發現地方區劃的使用，僅極少數地區仍保有「境」和「社」的用法。整體而言，地方區劃的設置由簡而繁，因應各時期的需求，不斷地調整、分化和組合，極富動態性。此外，要了解臺南地區地方區劃名稱之變遷，須從多方面切入，不僅考量歷史發展與人群互動的影響，也要注意「在地化」的轉換過程。

關鍵字

地方區劃；里；保（堡）；境；（小）鄉；庄（莊）；社

並列摘要

The research concept of this study is “ Spatial Tradition and Man- Land Tradition of geography”. The study discusses vicissitude of the name of the Local Regional Division in Tainan for Zheng Kingdom（鄭氏時期） to Japan Governance （1662-1920 years）.The research methods are Literature Review, Map Comparison, Search Information On The Internet and Accumulation Of Genealogy. This study traces the relationship between the Local Regional Division, government’s strength and the usages are used to native land. By Fieldwork,this study also tries to understand whether Local Regional Division are still used in Tainan today. The study found that the first level of Local Regional Division ‘Li’（里）, ‘Bao’（保／堡） is the outcome from government’s strength manage the space. ‘Li’ came from ‘Li Jia institution ’ （里甲制度）in Ming Dynasty（明代） and ‘Bao’ was from ‘Bao Jia institution ’ （保甲制度）. In order to meet the needs of each stage, the settings of ‘Li’ , ‘Bao’ have differences. The setting of ‘Li’ , ‘Bao’ probably inherited the old institution and their spatial scope were subject to the natural environment. This article deals with the Genealogy of the native patriarchal clans in Tainan, we found that the spatial distribution of the native patriarchal clans’s native land are geographically concentrated. After considering culture, language, lifestyle, religious and other factors, inference that the concept of creation of Basic Local Regional Division ‘Jing’（境） , ‘Xiao Xiang’（小鄉） , ‘zhuang’ （庄／莊） and ‘she’ （社） are transplanted from native land. Besides, the usages have geographical differences, for example：people in Zhangzhou （漳州）tends to use the word ‘she’ and people in Quanzhou （泉州） often use the word ‘Xiao Xiang’ to call the Han settlements（漢人聚落）. It is worth noting that Basic Local Regional Division ‘she’ is equal to Han settlements in native land. After the usages were spreaded to Taiwan, people still applied the same usage at the beginning. Later, because the conditions of existence disappeared and the enhancement of writing on official documents, the object for using ‘she’ turned to single group (indigenous people). So that the word ‘she’ is generally connected with the indigenous people. In today's Tainan it can still find that people use ‘she’ to address the Han settlements, for instance the six ‘she’ in Anping District（安平六部社）. Therefore, we should change the stereotypes about that ‘she’ is only used for indigenous people . The toponym with ‘she’ in Taiwan must be interpreted more carefully when teaching, publishing or Academic. Japan government unified the Local Regional Division in 1920. The Local Regional Division were used for several hundreds years eventually replaced by ‘shi’（市） , ‘Jie’（街）and ‘Da Zhuang’（大庄）. Today, the Local Regional Division almost can’t be found in Syuejia, Jiali, Cigu, Anding, Rende, Yujing and other places. Only a few of areas still retain the usage of ‘Jing’ and ‘she’. Generally speaking,the setting of Local Regional Division is from simple to complicated. To meet the needs ,it constantly adjust, divide and combine.That’s very dynamic。Furthermore, if you want to know the vicissitude of name of the Local Regional Division in Tainan, you should pay attention to many things. Not only consider the historical development and the impact of interaction with the crowd, but also pay attention to the “ localization”of the conversion process.