臺灣必要型創業之餐飲個案研究

必要型創業(necessity entrepreneurship)是指個人對於所處環境處於弱勢，例如失業、低收入、家庭困境等，缺乏其他謀生選擇的情況下而尋求創業成為生存的唯一選擇。國內學術界尚未有系統地討論這個議題，因此本研究目的在於分析臺灣必要型餐飲創業者的創業動機、創業歷程，以及歷程中所需要的資源與協助。文獻回顧包含創業動機理論、創業歷程、和必要型創業概念。研究者以「信扶專案」為個案，透過參與觀察和深度訪談餐飲業創業者以及創業輔導者，所得資料再以主題分析法進行創業者歷程的解構再建構。重要的研究發現為：一、必要型餐飲創業者創業的推力因素有家庭照護問題、中年轉業失業，為了生存被迫創業；拉力因素則是對未來生活的盼望。二、必要型餐飲創業者需要專業顧問的密切協助，因此本研究提出必要型創業與輔導歷程模型涵蓋四階段：對象確認、創業前置期、貸款資金動撥、創業轉換期。前置期最重要的是建立信任關係、貸款資金階段主要協助信用不佳的必要型創業者獲得貸款資金、轉換期的輔導重心都在為了降低創業者未來風險做準備。受訪者流失為主要的研究限制，未來研究可以針對不同業別必要型創業者進行研究。

關鍵字

經濟弱勢；必要型創業模型；必要型創業動機；必要型創業輔導

並列摘要

Necessity entrepreneurship means that individuals were underprivileged and no other employment opportunities were available to them, then necessity entrepreneurs only make sufficient money to survive. The research purpose was to explore necessity entrepreneurs’ the motives, the entrepreneurial process, and the resources and assistance they need. A case study strategy was applied to collect data from restaurateurs who were necessity entrepreneurs and their consultants who were supported by a private program using participative observation and in-depth interview. After thematic analysis, several results were found as follows: 1.The push factors were serious financial problems due to single-parent unemployed at middle age, and / or heavy family constraints. Their hope for a bright future was a pull factor to start a restaurant business. And professional consultant was found imperative to necessity entrepreneurs. 2.The proposed four-staged model of necessity entrepreneurial accompanied with consultancy : identifying the applicants in need , building trust between the entrepreneur and the consultant, learning loaning plan, professional knowledge and skill of restaurant operation, and operating the restaurant on his/her own. The research implication and limitation were also discussed.