馬來西亞三大族群幼兒的繪畫表現之初探

本研究旨在了解馬來西亞馬來族、華族與印度族幼兒自由畫及主題畫「我跟大家一起吃東西」之繪畫表現及其相似與相異之處。本研究以就讀馬來西亞柔佛州新山縣公私立幼兒園的4至6歲幼兒為研究對象。其中，參與自由畫的幼兒共98位（馬來族30位、華族33位、印度族35位）；參與主題畫的幼兒共68位（馬來族16位、華族25位、印度族27位）。三個族群的參與幼兒在性別及年齡上均無顯著差異。本研究以小組及團體施測之方式蒐集繪畫資料，並以相關文獻為基礎，發展繪畫編碼表了解幼兒的繪畫表現。研究結果說明如下：一、自由畫方面（一）三個族群的畫作在不同主題類型的分佈上沒有顯著差異；（二）三個族群畫作中的內容元素在人物類、食物類及文字符號類之頻率有顯著差異；（三）三個族群畫作中的平均用色數沒有顯著差異；（四）三個族群畫作中的人物在「常規的畫法」的結構類型之頻率有顯著差異，在人物的細節頻率與尺寸則沒有顯著差異。二、主題畫方面（一）三個族群的畫作在切題與離題畫之分佈上沒有顯著差異；（二）三個族群畫作中的內容元素在食物類、動植物類及文字符號類之頻率有顯著差異，此外，三個族群畫作中的食物類項目在飯麵類及水果類之頻率有顯著差異；（三）三個族群畫作中的平均用色數沒有顯著差異；（四）三個族群畫作中的人物在「蝌蚪人畫法」及「常規的畫法」的結構類型之頻率有顯著差異，人物的尺寸亦有顯著差異，而在人物的細節頻率則沒有顯著差異。

關鍵字

幼兒繪畫；自由畫；主題畫；馬來西亞三大族群

並列摘要

This study aimed to understand the similarities and differences of Malaysian Malay, Chinese and Indian children’s free drawings and thematic drawings “Me eating with people”. Participants included children aged 4 to 6 years who attended public or private kindergartens in Johor Bahru. Ninety-eight children participated in free drawings (30 Malays, 33 Chinese, 35 Indians), and 68 children participated in thematic drawings (16 Malays, 25 Chinese, 27 Indians). There were no significant gender-ratio and age differences among three ethnic groups. Children drew pictures in groups. Two codebooks were designed according to relevant research, including “Free drawing codebook” and “Thematic drawing codebook”. The primary results were as follows: 1.For free drawing: (1) There were no significant differences in the distribution of different theme types among three ethnic groups. (2) The frequency of content elements in drawings of three ethnic groups was significantly different in the categories of characters, food and text symbols. (3) There was no significant difference in the average number of colors used in the drawings among three ethnic groups. (4) The result revealed significant differences in the frequency of conventional structural level of human figure among three ethnic groups. Additionally, no significant difference in the frequency details and size of human figures. 2.For thematic drawings: (1) There were no significant differences in the distribution of relevant and irrelevant drawings among three ethnic groups. (2) Regarding categories of content elements, significant differences were found in the frequency of food, animals and text symbols. Additionally, the frequency of two food categories, grains related and fruit, was significantly different among three ethnic groups. (3) There was no significant difference in the average number of colors used in the drawings among three ethnic groups. (4) The results showed significant differences in the frequency of tadpole and conventional structural levels of human figures among three ethnic groups. Moreover, there were significant differences in the size of the human figures, but no significant difference in the frequency of details human figures among three ethnic groups.