從社會排除理論探析退役優秀運動員職涯轉換之困境

The Career Transition Dilemma Faced by Elite Athletes: A Point of View of Social Exclusion Theory

廖莉安(Liao Li-An)

指導教授 ： 程瑞福

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/體育學系/博士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202001317

摘要

優秀運動員就業問題為近年來國內、外政府極為關心的現象，從現今大環境之就業現況與運動員就業之劣勢狀況來看，多數運動員確實在職涯轉換困難狀況，而優秀運動員退役後的職涯轉換議題近幾年被關注，研究議題上著重於職涯轉換的成功經驗分享，僅少數有遭遇之困難或被排除經驗之探析。而社會排除研究強調他人透過怎樣的制度與過程被排斥於一定的社會領域外，因此本研究目的為以社會排除理論之觀點，探究優秀運動員培育過程與職涯經驗中探窺遭遇之社會排除面向與整理排除風險累積之歷程，歸納出優秀運動員面臨轉職困境之可能原因。本研究方法以立意取樣與滾雪球取樣，選取六位經過專業訓練10年以上，且曾獲得代表國家出賽國手資格之退役優秀運動員，以分析歸納法與持續比較法，進行每位1至2次的深度訪談。研究結果發現，退役運動員將面臨經濟、政治、社會關係、文化、社會福利等面向排除，進一步以時間軸先後歸納各排除面向風險累積終導致運動員產生自我設限、無所適從將自己排除於體育運動領域之外等自我排除現象。研究建議，學校方面，應在優秀運動員學生時期仍應強調基本學力的重要性，給予運動員除了專項以外的能力培養，培養第二專長；政府等相關單位應在優秀運動員退役可能轉換職業跑道前，給予未來「就業能力」的培養與相關輔導，及就業市場的性向分析，以減少優秀運動員轉職適應時間。

關鍵字

社會排除 ； 運動員就業 ； 轉職困境

並列摘要

Elite athletes’ transition out of competitive sports has been an area of growing concerns for governments in recent years. The apparent lack of employment opportunities in job markets has reinforced issues of career transition faced by retired elite athletes. The research focus was on sharing of successful stories in career transition, particularly on the few cases that had encountered difficulties or the experience of being socially excluded. Social exclusion is a multidimensional process of progressive social rupture, detaching groups and individuals from social relations and institutions and preventing them from full participation in the normal, normatively prescribed activities of the society in which they live. Thus, this study aimed to explore the process and experience of being elite athletes, the mechanisms of individuals' downward spiral, with the accumulation of dimensions of social exclusion by in-depth interviews with retired athletes.
Purposive sampling and snowball sampling method were adopted to select 6 retired elite athletes, who had undergone more than 10 years of professional training and represented the national teams on the international stage. Inductive and constant comparative method analysis were used to summarize the possible reasons why elite athletes faced the difficulties in career transitions out of sport. The results revealed that retired elite athletes faced exclusions from economics, politics, social relations, culture, and social welfare aspects. The study examined the accumulation of exclusions over time, eventually leaded to self-restriction, and self-excluded themselves from the field of sports.
The study concluded that the importance of athletes acquiring basic academic skills in school education, and develop a second area of expertise. There are a number of ways to shorten the career transition period, the government and other relevant bodies offer future "employability" training and related counseling sessions, as well as career aptitude test.

並列關鍵字

Social exclusion ； athlete employment ； transition dilemma

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