基以體裁分析理論探究文學和電腦科學英文學術課堂中的語步與學科領域差異

A Genre Analysis of Academic Lectures of Literature and Computer Science: Rhetorical Move Structures and Disciplinary Variations

劉貞妤(Liu Chen-Yu)

指導教授 ： 陳浩然

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/英語學系/博士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202000630

摘要

過往研究表明，關於學術課堂中語步結構的知識可以促進學生對學術課堂內容的理解。然而仍有一些問題尚待解決，如：過去分析的學術課堂和講課教師數量有限、前人研究僅針對某些課堂階段進行分析而沒有完整探究課堂的整體語步結構、且並未探討課堂的語步結構是否存有學科上的差異。為了解決這些問題並拓展現階段對學術課堂體裁的理解，本研究基以自耶魯大學和麻省理工學院開放式課程所收集的學術課堂逐字稿與課堂錄影，對學術課堂的整體語步結構進行更廣泛的分析。為了探討學術課堂中的語步結構是否存在著學科差異，本研究亦針對文學課堂和電腦科學課堂的語步結構進行比較。此外，考慮到詞串在組織學術課堂言談中的重要性，因此本研究欲分別找出學術課堂中各個階段的詞串，並分析它們是如何幫助構建學術課堂中不同階段的言談目的。根據所收集的學術課堂資料，本研究提出了一個包含二十一個語步和二十三個步驟的語步框架。其中，課堂導論階段包含了五個語步和十一個步驟；課堂主體階段包含了十三個語步和七個步驟；而課堂總結階段則包含了三個語步和五個步驟。據此框架，本研究分別找出了文學和電腦科學課堂的語步結構並進行比較。比較發現：(1) 兩個學科在課堂中採用了不同數量的語步及步驟，又以文學課堂使用了更多的語步而電腦科學課堂使用了更多的步驟；(2) 約有百分之二十的語步為個別學科特有，這些語步也進一步反映出個别學科的特色：文學課堂特有的語步類別反映了該學科以文本闡釋為核心的特質，而電腦科學課堂特有的語步類別則反映了該學科以應用和問題解決為本的特質；(3) 在兩個學科共有的語步類別中，約有五分之一的共有語步有常規性的差異，說明兩個學科在採用個別語步時有不同的偏好。比較結果進一步凸顯了電腦科學領域的講師在課堂導論階段習慣援引先前課堂討論過的內容，而文學領域的講師在課堂總結階段則傾向於強調後續課程的計劃。這些研究結果證實，學術課堂中的語步結構確實存在著學科差異。此外，通過對不同課堂階段中的詞串作用探究，本研究發現有些詞串特別與某些語步或課堂階段有關，而詞串的功能也能反映出不同課堂階段的交際目的，如：在課堂導論階段的詞串多與組織課堂結構和表明教師意圖等目的的語步有關，而在課堂主體階段出現的詞串則較少有組織課堂結構的功能，而是多具有立場表達和指涉的功能。本研究結果亦針對學術英文教學與師資培育提出教學建議。本研究所提出的語步框架和學科特有的語步可用以輔助修習學術英語學生對學術課堂的理解能力，並增進他們對學術課堂體裁和學科差異的認知。此語步框架也可提供給非母語教師和新手教師，幫助他們更加了解學術課堂是如何以語步構建的，進一步做為輔助教師備課之參考。

關鍵字

學術課堂 ； 語步分析 ； 學科差異 ； 詞串

並列摘要

Past research has indicated that the knowledge concerning the rhetorical move structure of lectures can facilitate non-native students’ lecture comprehension. However, issues remain to be addressed, including the limited number of lectures and lecturers analyzed, the restricted focus on certain lecture phases without exploring the entire move structure of lectures, and the underexplored issue of the potential influence of discipline on move structure of lectures. To address these issues and expand the current understanding of lecture genre, this study analyzes the entire move structure of lectures drawing on lecture data from Open Yale Courses and MIT Open Courseware. To explore whether there are disciplinary variations in terms of move structures of lectures, this study further compares the move structures of literature lectures and computer science lectures. Moreover, considered the essential role of lexical bundles in structuring lecture discourse, this study also investigates the frequent lexical bundles in different lecture phases to explore how they help structure the discourse in different lecture phases. The current analysis results in a move framework of lectures consisting of twenty-one moves and twenty-three steps, with five moves and eleven steps identified in the beginning phase, thirteen moves and seven steps identified in the main body phase, and three moves and five steps identified in the ending phase. Based on the move framework, the respective move structures of literature lectures and computer science lectures are also generated and compared. The comparison reveals that: (i) the two disciplines employ different numbers of moves and steps in lectures, with more moves employed in literature lectures and more steps employed in computer science lectures; (ii) around twenty percent of the moves are discipline-specific, with moves typical to literature reflecting its interpretive nature while moves specific to computer science reflecting its applied and problem-solving orientation; (iii) among the move categories shared by the two disciplines, the conventionality of around one-fifth of them are different, suggesting the different preferences between the two disciplines in employing individual moves. The comparison further highlights computer science lecturers’ conventional move to refer to contents discussed previously in the beginning phase, and literature lecturers’ tendency of highlighting plans of future lessons in the ending phase. These findings confirm that there are indeed disciplinary variations in terms of move structures of lectures. Moreover, the exploration of lexical bundles in different lecture phases reveals that some lexical bundles are especially associated with certain moves or phases. Particularly, lexical bundles in the beginning phase are mostly related to moves realizing purposes of organizing structures and expressing intentions, while those identified in the main body phase seldom serve a discourse-organizing function, but primarily perform stance and referential functions. These findings have implications for EAP teaching and learning, and teacher education. The proposed move framework and the discipline-specific moves may help improve EAP students’ lecture comprehension, and their awareness of lecture genre and potential disciplinary differences. The framework may also inform non-native and novice lecturers regarding how lectures are rhetorically structured, further supporting their lesson planning.

並列關鍵字

academic lectures ； rhetorical move analysis ； disciplinary variations ； lexical bundles

參考文獻

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