想像力教學模式建構與驗證

Construction and Validation of the Model of Imaginative Teaching and Learning

朱采翎(Chu Tsai-Ling)

指導教授 ： 毛國楠 ； 林偉文

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育心理與輔導學系/博士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202204967

摘要

許多文獻指出「想像」能促進學習成效與想像力，進而產生創造力，因此，本研究旨在建構一個想像力教學模式，以引導學習者透過「想像」進行學習與創造。根據文獻探討，研究者建構出「想像力的教與學模式」(Model of Imaginative Teaching and Learning, MITL)，其中包含了學習者層次與教學層次，前者含有「學習」、「想像」與「創造」三個元素，而後者則有「運用想像引入概念」、「想像激發策略」與「想像的實作」三個操作元素。
為驗證MITL，本研究分別進行預備性研究與兩個正式研究。在預備性研究當中，旨在建構「想像性學習材料」與發展測量工具－「科學想像力任務」。首先，根據「有意義的概念或知識」、「幽默」、「挑戰」、「鮮明影像」與「意想不到的結局」等原則，並以國小自然學習領域中「熱的傳播」單元為學科知識內容，發展三篇想像性學習材料，分別為「亞力的冒險」（傳導）、「阿皮的旅行」（對流）與「豬媽媽探親記」（輻射）。其次，「科學想像力任務」（Scientific Imagination Tasks）包含三個活動：(1)活動一：10題「熱的傳播知識題」；(2)活動二：即參考擴散思考測驗型態所編製而成，係包含「熱的傳播」概念的的語文任務；(3)活動三：延續活動二的圖形活動。在評分指標部分，語文活動包含「流暢力」、「變通力」（共有17個類別）、「有獨創力×有知識運用」（A分數）與「有獨創力＋無知識運用」（B分數），以及「想像力豐富性與色彩性」；在圖形部分，評分指標有「圖形獨創力」、「科學功能」與「其它功能」。再以「想像力測驗」作為效標進行考驗，發現相對應之指標皆有不錯之效度。
研究一探究「學習材料」對於「學習成效」與「想像力」的影響，並檢驗教學模式中「運用想像引入概念」與「想像的實作」。共有160位4年級與5年級學生參與研究，參與者皆未在國小自然課當中學過「熱的傳播」概念，並且採隨機的方式分配至實驗組與控制組。在研究程序部分，第一週所有學生完成「想像力測驗」（以前測做為共變項），在第二週，所有受試者被要求在12分鐘內完成三篇故事（實驗組）或三篇文章（控制組）的閱讀，並於其後完成「科學想像力任務」。主要研究結果發現：(1)控制組在「熱的傳播知識題總分」顯著高於「實驗組」；（2）實驗組在「有獨創力×有知識運用」（A分數）與「想像力豐富性與色彩性」的得分顯著高於控制組。整合研究一之結果發現，想像性學習材料較能幫助學習者運用新概念解決問題，而且易產生獨創答案，也有豐富與色彩鮮明的影像。
研究二主要探究「想像力教學」是否能促進「想像力」，以及其促進效果，並進一步考驗「學習材料」與「教學方法」之間是否存有交互作用。在此研究主要檢驗教學模式中「運用想像引入概念」、「想像激發策略」與「想像的實作」。共有187位4或5年級的學生參與研究，受試學生從未在國小自然課當中學習「熱的傳播」單元。在進行教學實驗前，研究者根據年級與學區進行教學方法之配對，故實驗組與控制組各有4個班。研究程序部分，第一週完成「想像力測驗」（以前測做為共變項），在第二週，研究者隨機發放學習材料，並進行12分鐘的閱讀，之後進行想像力教學與練習，最後請學生完成「想像力科學任務」。主要研究結果顯示：(1)接受「想像力教學」的學生在「流暢力」、「變通力」、「有獨創力＋無知識運用」（B分數）、「想像力豐富性與色彩性」與「圖形獨創力」的得分顯著高於接受「批判思考教學」的學生；（2）「教學方法」與「年級」的二因子共變數分析出現單純主要效果，5年級學生接受「想像力教學」後在「有獨創力×有知識運用」（A分數）的得分顯著高於接受「批判思考教學」，以及接受「想像力教學後」，5年級在「有獨創力×有知識運用」（A分數）的表現會顯著優於4年級。
整合研究一與研究二之結果與證據，初步驗證MITL。最後，本研究針對相關問題進行探討，並且對於未來研究與實務應用提出建議。

關鍵字

想像力 ； 想像性學習材料 ； 想像力教學 ； 科學學習 ； 創造力

並列摘要

Literature indicates that imagining or imaginative elements benefit both learning effect and imagination, however, seldom studies investigate them at the same time. Thus, this study aims to construct the model of imaginative teaching and learning(MITL), in which learning effect and creative imagination are supposed to be facilitated.There are two levels in MITL: (1)learner level: it contains three elements-learning, imagining and creating; (2)instructor level: it also contains three elements-introducing concepts with imagination, stimulating imagination by teaching strategies, and practicing based on imagination.
In order to validate the MITL, the pilot study and two formal studies were conducted. In the pilot study, materials for the treatment and the measuring tools for the study 1 and study 2 were developed and validated. It was found that the principles for constructing imaginative material included meaningful concepts (knowledge), humor, challenge, vivid images, and surprising ending. Three stories based on the five principles for the experimental group and three articles referring textbooks for the control group were constructed. Besides, “Scientific Imagination Tasks” which contains “Scientific Knowledge Test” that included 10 items, “Scientific Imagination Tasks (verbal version)” referring to divergent thinking tests, and “Scientific Imagination Tasks (graphic version) “were also established and validated. The results showed that in the verbal task, the four indices -fluency, flexibility (17 categories), originality based on knowledge (score A), originality without knowledge(score B), and vivid imagery- were appropriate for judging, and then validated by the criterion test (Imagination Tests); in the graphic task, the three indices-originality, scientific functions, and other functions were also chosen and validated.
Th study 1 aims to validate “introducing concepts with imagination” and “practicing based on imagination” in the MITL. Thus, the research question was that whether imaginative learning material facilitate learning effect and creative imagination. Thus, All participants (N=160) who were 4 or 5 graders in the elementary school and haven’t learn the concept of thermal conduction, were randomly assigned into the control and the experimental groups. In the first week, they finished Imagination test. In the second week, all participants were required to read three scientific articles (the control group) or stories (the experimental group) within 12 minutes, and then they finished “Scientific Imagination Tasks”. Results revealed that (1) the experimental group were significantly superior to the control group on originality based on knowledge and vivid imagery. (2) the control group significantly outperformed the experimental group on the scientific knowledge test. In conclusion, imaginative learning materials help pupils apply new concepts to solve the ambiguous problem, to have more original ideas, and to produce abundant and colorful mental images. Besides, the two instructor elements in MITL were validated.
The aim of study 2 is to validate the three elements of the instructor level in MITL. Two research questions were explored: (1) Whether the imaginative teaching improve pupils’ creative imagination; (2) Whether “learning material” and “teaching method” has interaction on learning effect or creative imagination. The participants were 187 fourth and fifth graders who haven’t learn thermal conduction in the science study. Before the experiment, participants were paired according to their grades and school districts. There were four classes for the experimental group(imaginative teaching) and another four classes for the control group(critical thinking teaching). All participants finished Imagination Tests before receiving two kinds of teaching and completed Scientific Imagination Tasks after the treatment. The results indicated that (1) the participants who receiving imaginative teaching showed better performance on fluency, flexibility, originality without knowledge, vivid images in the verbal task, and originality in the graphic task; (2) the participants receiving non-imaginative learning material were significantly superior to those who receiving imaginative learning material; (3) there was the simple main effect existed between the grade and the teaching method, in which the fifth graders who receiving imaginative teaching showed greater performance on originality based on knowledge than receiving critical thinking teaching; and imaginative teaching benefits greatly fifth graders on originality based on knowledge than fourth graders. The three instructor elements in MITL were also validated.
Based on the evidences derived from study 1 and study 2, “Model of Imaginative Teaching and Learning” was primarily confirmed. In the end, some discrepancies were discussed, and suggestions for the educational implement and the future study were proposed.

並列關鍵字

Imagination ； Imaginative Learning Material ； Teaching for Imagination ； Science Learning ； Creativity

參考文獻

中文部分

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