良善與惡意幽默因應對負向情境之情緒轉換效果：功能性磁振造影研究

The differential mechanisms of beneficial and detrimental humorous coping: Evidences from neuroimaging studies

戴汝卉(Da Ru-Huei)

指導教授 ： 陳學志

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育心理與輔導學系/博士(2017年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202202159

摘要

個體面對引發其負向情緒之刺激時，會採取一些因應策略以轉換其生理反應、心理狀態及行為表現。然而，過往關於因應之研究皆採非社交情境的自省報告，忽略了因應策略中最重要的社會情境因素，且未區分良善及惡意因應策略。此外，根據文獻指出，幽默能有效緩衝負向情緒，然而，在人際互動的負向情境中探討幽默作為因應之研究卻闕如。據此，本研究擬透過三個研究探討個體在引發負向情緒之人際互動情境中，使用良善幽默及惡意幽默因應之情緒轉換效果及其運作機制。研究一以人際互動的負向情境為主，編製引發個體負向情緒之情境及四類因應策略的短文，並進行情緒轉換效果及幽默（好笑程度）評分，比較參與者在四類因應的效果，結果顯示在控制語言結構與特徵後，良善幽默因應的情緒轉換效果最佳，依序為惡意幽默因應、良善非幽默因應，惡意非幽默因應、中性情緒短文的情緒轉換效果最差。研究二探討人格特質、幽默感對於不同類型因應的負向情緒轉換程度的預測與轉換效果，結果指出，幽默因應和開放性能聯合預測良善幽默因應的情緒轉換效果；對幽默的態度能預測惡意幽默因應的情緒轉換效果；和善性和開放性能聯合預測良善非幽默因應的情緒轉換效果；神經性能預測惡意非幽默因應的情緒轉換效果；高幽默理解、高幽默創造及高社交情境中幽默能力的個體，其和善性可正向預測良善幽默因應之情緒轉換程度。研究三則使用核磁共振造影技術，比較研究參與者在被動使用良善幽默及惡意幽默因應之情緒轉換效果的腦神經機制，結果發現，良善幽默因應與負責轉換情緒狀態的dmPFC、評估可用的認知資源相關的vlPFC、主宰同理心的TPJ與愉悅感受相關的PHG之活化有關；惡意幽默因應與負責違反社會規範之幽默刺激所引發之好笑感受的vmPFC及insula之活化有關。PPI結果指出，在良善幽默因應中，以dmPFC和PHG為seed 腦區，dmPFC與dlPFC、STG、包含thalamus、vACC、amygdala等腦區的多巴胺神經徑路有顯著的功能性連結、而PHG與dlPFC、thalamus有顯著的功能性連結；在惡意幽默因應中，以vmPFC和insula為seed 腦區，vmPFC與dlPFC、OFC有顯著的功能性連結、insula則與PHG、caudate有顯著的功能性連結。整體來說，本研究為國內外第一個以人際互動的負向情境為脈絡，並從良善、惡意面向及幽默元素探究個體使用因應的效果，藉此區分不同類型之因應對於個體之情緒轉換的歷程與效果；此外，本研究更是突破過去研究只關注個別腦區的分析方式，進一步以功能性連結的觀點，探究個體在使用良善幽默及惡意幽默因應的大腦網路機制之差異。

關鍵字

幽默因應 ； 因應動機 ； 功能性磁振造影 ； 功能性連結

並列摘要

The individuals would adopt some coping strategies to regulate their physical and psychological state when encounter negative emotion-eliciting stimuli. However, the past studies which used self-report ignored the most important role of social situation in interpersonal relations. In addition, the literature points out that humor could buffer the level of negation emotion effectively. Nevertheless, though it has generated relatively little discussion in the considerable amount of literature on coping. Accordingly, the present studies aimed to investigate the effect and neural mechanisms of four different styles of copings. Study I aimed to investigate the effect of emotion valence and the feeling of funny of four coping, including beneficial humor coping, detrimental humor coping, beneficial non-humor coping and detrimental non-humor coping in negative emotion-eliciting situations. The result indicated that controlling the language structures and characteristics of setup and coping story, the beneficial humor coping has a more positive effect on the emotion valence. Study II aimed to examine the prediction and moderation effect of humor senses and personality traits to the effect of coping. The results indicated that humor coping and openness to experience significantly predicted the effect of beneficial humor coping, humor attitude significantly predicted the effect of detrimental humor coping, agreeableness and openness to experience significantly predicted the effect of beneficial non-humor coping and emotional stability significantly predicted the effect of detrimental non-humor coping. Study III aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms of beneficial and detrimental humor coping of individuals. The results indicated that the activation of beneficial humor coping is related to dmPFC implicated the change of emotional state, vlPFC implicated the evaluation of cognitive resources, TPJ implicated the empathy and PHG implicated the feeling of amusement. The activation of detrimental humor coping is related to vmPFC and insula implicated the feeling of amusement caused by the violation social rules. The psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis demonstrated functional coupling of the dmPFC–dlPFC, STG, dopaminergic pathway and dlPFC–dlPFC, thalamus for beneficial humor coping and functional coupling of the vmPFC–dlPFC, PFC and insula-PHG, caudate for detrimental humor coping. Conclusively, these studies are the first research which focus on the context of interpersonal interaction and examine the effect of coping in terms of the beneficial and detrimental motivation of humor. Additionally, the present findings contribute to the field’s understanding of the functional connectivity of specific brain networks on beneficial and detrimental humor coping.

並列關鍵字

humor coping ； humor motivation ； fMRI ； functional connectivity

參考文獻

Gresham, D., & Gullone, E. (2012). Emotion regulation strategy use in children and adolescents: The explanatory roles of personality and attachment. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(5), 616-621.

中文部分

方紫薇（2012）。完美主義與學習困擾、正負向情感之關係：反芻思考之中介效果。教育心理學報。43（4），735-762。邱發忠、陳學志、卓淑玲（2002）。幽默創造訓練之課程設計暨實徵效果評估。教育心理學報，34，179-198。

詹雨臻（2015）。幽默的腦神經機制。教育與心理研究期刊，38（3），101-135。

蕭颯、王文欽、徐智策 (1999)。幽默心理分析。台北：智慧大學。