現代漢語「的話」與日語相應形式的篇章分析與教學啟示

現代漢語「的話」在話題及假設兩種功能中的詞彙化、複句、語用等方面有許多相關文獻，但成果分析都不盡相同，本研究將釐清以上問題。首先以Halliday（1985）的「概念」、「篇章」、「人際」為理論基礎，探討漢語「的話」兩種功能在句法、篇章、語用方面的表現。再歸納日語相關形式「ば（ba）」、「たら（tara）」、「と（to）」、「場合（baai）」、「なら（nara）」各自功能，最後再比較漢語「的話」與日語相關形式上的相同與相異之處。本研究藉由漢語語料庫觀察「的話」在篇章中的表現，由於「的話」在篇章中具有管界之功能，因此統計「的話」完整背景句數量，結果顯示三句內可以表示一個完整的背景；其次探討了「的話」與下文的語義連貫與焦點關係，顯示「的話」下文語義連貫多為遞進關係。接著再觀察主從句對調的現象，顯示後移「的話」從句主要功能為補充說明；另外本研究也發現在「的話」的對比功能中，除了帶出對比焦點之外，還可以帶出自然焦點。本研究亦探討了漢語「的話」與日語相對應形式於篇章功能上的異同。首先在主從句對調的現象上，結果顯示為日語在從句後移的現象比起漢語更為顯著，並且後移從句主要形成焦點功能；在對比功能上，日語的功能與漢語相似，除了帶出對比焦點，亦能帶出自然焦點。本研究最後分析現行教材中語法點「的話」、並嘗試將研究成果應用於華語教學中，再針對日籍學習者進行「的話」此語法點的教學排序，以期達到最佳學習效果。

關鍵字

話題標記；假設標記；漢日對比；自然焦點；對比焦點

並列摘要

While there is much related literature on the subject of the Chinese particle 'dehua', mostly focusing on lexicalization, compound sentences, and pragmatics of the two functions of 'topic' and 'hypothesis' in modern Chinese, the results of their analysis all differ. This study clarified the above problems. Based on empirical data, adopted to the theoretical framework which was defined in Halliday's (1985) metafunctions of language, encompassing ideational, textual, and interpersonal functions, these three functions of this particle, used in discourse, were examined. Then, the functions of Japanese related forms 'ba', 'tara', 'to', 'baai', and 'nara', were summarized and lastly those similarities and differences (Chinese dehua and Japanese related forms) were compared. This study uses the Chinese corpus to observe the performance of " dehua " in the text. Since 'dehua' has the function to regulate the boundary (punctuational pause) in text, the number of complete background sentences supposed with 'dehua' was collected for a statistic. The result showed the following three points: Firstly, within three clauses provided with 'dehua', one complete background information shall be expressed; Secondly, the 'semantic coherence' and 'focus relationship' of 'dehua' usually hold a function to add the 'coherence to the meaning which is mentioned beforehand'; Thirdly, the function of subordinate clauses led by 'dehua' mainly becomes a 'supplementary explanation' when it is placed after the main clause. In addition, this research also found that, besides the function of 'bringing out the contrastive focus', the 'contrast function' of 'dehua' can also make the 'end focus'. Exploring the similarities and differences of the 'textual functions' of the corresponding forms of Chinese 'dehua' and Japanese, the result shows that, first of all, in comparison of the main clause and subordinate clause, the phenomenon of 'post-shifting subordinate clause' is more significant in Japanese compared with Chinese, and this 'post-shifting subordinate clause' mainly has the focus function; secondly, its function of comparison in Japanese is similar to that of Chinese. Not only focusing on the contrast, it can also make generalizations. This research finally analyzed the grammatical point of 'dehua' in current textbooks to put the data to practical use in Chinese teaching, sorting the instructive points of 'dehua', to achieve the best efficacy for Japanese learners.