華人與墨西哥人生死觀之跨文化比較──以電影教學為例

在跨文化教學的過程中，教學者和學習者往往會面臨許多困難，這涉及教學者對於教學文化以及學習者背景了解之深度，若是能了解學習者的文化背景，在教學時便能利用比較呈現兩種文化之相似處或差異所在，達到事半功倍的效果。筆者曾於台灣、大陸、墨西哥以及美國教學，並開設過「華人電影」以及「華人文化與風俗」課程數次，隨著教學經驗累積，逐漸對於這些國家的學習者在面對跨文化差異時容易產生之誤解或學習難點較能掌握。本文運用跨文化、比較文化、主題學研究、電影教學研究方法，由華人與墨西哥人的創世神話、喪葬風俗、清明節和亡靈節為基礎，以華人及墨西哥人文化為背景之電影《最愛》、《COCO》以及《父後七日》、《生命之書》作為例子，提出關於華人與墨西哥人生死觀之跨文化比較。論文主要以電影《最愛》中的「冥婚」、《父後七日》裡出現之「喪禮儀式及禮節」與以墨西哥亡靈節為背景的《COCO》、《生命之書》中出現的死亡後的世界與靈魂的去處作為跨文化比較的例子，說明這些風俗所呈現的生命意涵及死亡觀所反映出的內在思想與生死觀，並針對論文中的內容設計一個教案。一般來說，不同民族的思想會受到地域環境、歷史背景與傳統文化影響甚深，經過代代流傳沿襲，後人吸收這些文化的同時，或多或少地發展出新的文化，並展現出該民族之生死觀；這些例子，是筆者實際在華人電影教學中，讓許多學生感受到文化衝擊與理解困難的內容，透過教學與討論，使學習者能對這些由來已久的風俗文化以及儀式所揭示生死觀，以及如何影響生活和語言，有較深層的認識。筆者藉由四部電影中的跨文化比較，進一步說明在教學時，學習者的難點所在以及教學者可以如何選擇文化切入點，讓學習者更容易理解與吸收，明白所學文化如何在那樣的時空背景產生、發展並影響而內化為該民族的文化底蘊，並期盼能應用於華人電影文化與跨文化教學中。

關鍵字

跨文化比較；電影教學；冥婚；孝女白琴；亡靈節

並列摘要

Throughout the course of cross-cultural instruction, teachers and learners often face many difficulties pertaining to the depth of the teacher’s understanding of the target culture and the learner’s cultural background. The instructor’s deep under-standing is key to thoroughly comparing or contrasting the two cultures in order to double the effectiveness of the lesson. The author has taught in Taiwan, Mainland China, Mexico and the United States, instructing several courses including "Chinese Film" and "Chinese Culture and Customs." While accumulating such valuable teaching experience, the author gradually became more aware of the intercultural differences learners faced in these countries. Furthermore, misunderstandings or learning difficulties which commonly manifested also became easier to overcome. This dissertation utilizes cross-cultural, comparative culture, thematic, and film instruction research methods based on Chinese and Mexican creation myths, funeral customs, and the Ching Ming Festival and Día de Muertos (Day of the Death) with Chinese and Mexican culture as core background. Taking "COCO," Love for Life, "The Seven Days in Heaven," and "The Book of Life" as examples, the author puts forward a cross-cultural comparison between the Chinese and Mexican perspectives on life and death. The author mainly focuses on the so-called "ghost marriage" portrayed in the films "Love for Life," "Funeral Ceremony and Etiquette," and "Seven Days in Heaven" as well as the afterlife and where souls travel to in "COCO" and "The Book of Life" in the context of the Mexican Day of the Dead. Furthermore, the author also designed a lesson plan by taking how these films illustrate the inner thoughts and views on the meaning of life and death by the individuals of these cultures as a cross-cultural ex-ample. Generally speaking, the ideologies of different nationalities are profoundly influenced by the geographical environment, historical background and traditional culture. After being passed down from generation to generation, later generations absorb their local culture while developing more or less a new culture and demonstrating their own cultural perspective on life and death; such examples present in the vast majority of teaching material which the author employs while teaching Chinese film, resulting in many students experiencing culture shock and a difficulty understanding. Through lecture and discussion, learners can gain insight into such long-standing cus-toms, cultures and rituals while gaining a deeper understanding about the. perspec-tives on life and death revealed throughout these films, and how it affects the lives and languages of members of these cultures. Based on the comparison of the four films, the author explains the challenges learners face during the course of cross-cultural lessons as well as how instructors can select cultural entry points which make it easier for learners to understand and assimilate, exploring how the target culture could develop in its corresponding time period and environmental background as well as how the locals developed, influenced, and internalized the cultural heritage of the nation in question, furthering the discussion through the inclusion of Chinese film culture and cross-cultural instruction.