祝允明草書鑑識研究

祝允明(1461-1527)為明代吳中四才子之一，書法上的輝煌成就為世人有目共睹，廣受讚譽。明代中、晚期書法發展的主要趨勢是自由創作和解放規則，祝允明以草書聞名，作為改革草書的先驅，被認為是該時期成就最高的書法家。明代安世鳳曾說：「希哲翁書遍天下，而贋書亦遍天下」。祝允明的名氣大，偽作也多，在祝允明過世後，偽書大量出現，贋品四處充斥，而作偽者中甚至還有與祝允明熟悉親近者，真假難辨的情況使得研究學者在此議題上充滿許多困難與問題。祝允明偽作探討中，也提出有爭議的作品及博物館中曾被學者評為偽作的作品，探討偽作的原因與現象，並整理目前已知的作偽者。祝允明草書造形與技法探析中，筆者從造型、用筆、佈白、行氣及韻律線來整理祝允明傳世作品中的用筆和造形，並依祝允明的草書書風變化分析，可分成早期、中年、壯年及晚年三個時期。祝允明傳世的草書之中，多有偽作，筆者除了從字體結構、造型及用筆方式來分析以外，也試著從落款、印章及印泥來增加辨別真偽的線索及證據。最後，本文將運用辨識的原理、原則，提出幾個祝允明的草書為個案研究，試圖以上敘方法來分析這些個案之真偽。

關鍵字

祝允明；草書；吳門書派；造型；偽作；鑑定

並列摘要

Zhu Yunming (1461-1527) was one of the four most celebrated talents of Wu (Suzhou) from the Ming Dynasty. He was most renowned and admired for his brilliant accomplishment in calligraphy. At a time when the leading trend in the late Ming dynasty was artistic freedom and liberation from rules in calligraphy, Zhu Yunming was ranked the period’s finest calligrapher and leading proponent of this trend – being the first to revolutionize the cursive script. An Shifeng of the Ming Dynasty once articulated that Zhu Yunming's works are all over the world, and his forgeries are also found throughout the land. Being highly sought-after, Zhu’s works had been forged far and wide, and a profusion of his counterfeits surfaced ubiquitously upon his death. Among the forgers were people who were familiar and of close relations to Zhu, causing great difficulties and problems to his authentication. This dissertation will examine discussions by acclaimed Zhu Yunming scholars about Zhu’s controversial works in the museums, the reasons and phenomena of his fakes, and also the imitators behind his forged works. An investigative study on the structure, rhythm, spatial movement, ink practice and technique of Zhu Yunming's cursive calligraphic brush style, along with his different signatures and seals used throughout his early, consolidating and consummating periods, analysed together with a series of literature reviews will also be used for the assistance in my final chapter of case studies – the authentication of eight pieces of Zhu Yunming's works found in museums in Europe and the United States, and leading international auction houses from the East and West.