由媒體記者的自我效能看待氣候風險與環境傳播

Examining Climate Risks and Environmental Communication through the Lens of the Self-efficacy of Journalists

楊樺(Yang Hua)

指導教授 ： 葉欣誠

國立臺灣師範大學/理學院/環境教育研究所/博士(2022年)

https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202201560

摘要

氣候變遷是全球重視的環境問題，許多環境教育相關研究發現，民眾主要是從大眾傳播媒體中，獲得氣候變遷資訊和知識，媒體報導氣候變遷議題時，常常會面對報導內容的科學資訊不正確、錯誤呈現風險統計數字，和扭曲事實等批評。氣候變遷議題渉及到科學知識正確性和風險不確定性，作為氣候變遷新聞製作者的媒體記者，工作上也必須符合新聞產製的價值認定和常規要求。氣候科學內容和新聞製作常規挑戰下，記者是否相信自己有能力掌握資源，可以妥善完成氣候變遷報導，以及是否重視對環境友善的氣候變遷相關環境傳播，是本研究關切的重點。
本研究採取量化及質化混合研究，以電視記者為研究對象的量化研究， 回收224份有效問卷，以暸解氣候變遷風險感知、氣候變遷風險知識，是否影響記者氣候變遷新聞報導自我效能，以及自我效能對環境傳播的影響；再以質化的深度訪談，訪問5位現任或曾任電視記者，進而分析和詮釋量化結果。
研究結果顯示，氣候變遷風險感知對氣候變遷報導自我效能，有部分顯著的正向影響，且氣候變遷報導自我效能，對環境傳播有部分顯著的正向影響，但氣候變遷風險知識對氣候變遷報導自我效能的預測上，則未達顯著。以上可知，當記者的氣候變遷風險感知提升時，其氣候變遷報導自我效能也會隨之提升，進而增加其對環境傳播的正向影響。文字記者和攝影記者，在氣候變遷報導自我效能上有顯著差異。
記者在氣候變遷風險感知的得分較高，應和媒體報導數量增加有關。而在氣候變遷風險風知識上，記者得分偏低，其中得分較高的是能源議題。記者氣候變遷自我效能得分很高，記者認為，不論之前是否有之前報導的經驗，如果媒體組織能提供更多的資源和協助，記者會有更高的自我效能感。在友善環境行為上，記者個人在氣候變遷環境傳播較被動，但同意透過討論和報導氣候變遷，可以學習到新知識，媒體有加強氣候變遷報導的社會教育責任。
研究結果也顯示，媒體也應增加在氣候變遷「調適」的相關報導。記者相當不滿意媒體組織在氣候變遷報導上的表現。記者認為，媒體組織可以有很多鼓勵或協助記者報導氣候變遷新聞的方式，包括加強和氣候變遷學術團體合作、鼓勵參加相關新聞獎、實施教育訓練，以提升記者自我效能感。

關鍵字

記者 ； 自我效能 ； 氣候變遷 ； 風險感知 ； 風險知識 ； 環境傳播

並列摘要

Climate change is an environmental issue of global concerns in modern times. Many studies related to environmental education have found that people mainly obtain climate change information and knowledge from the mass media. When reporting environmental news, the media encounters a lot of criticism, such as incorrect presentation of risk statistics, and distorted facts. The issue of climate change involves the correctness of scientific knowledge and the uncertainty of risks. However, journalists must follow the requirements of news production system. Under the challenges of climate science content and news production routines, whether journalists believe that they have the ability to master the resources and can properly complete climate change reporting, and whether they attach importance to environment-friendly climate-related environmental communication, are the key concerns of this study.
This research adopts quantitative and qualitative mix-methods, and takes TV journalists as the research object. 224 valid questionnaires are collected to understand whether climate change risk perception, climate change risk knowledge, whether it affects reporters' climate change news reporting self-efficacy, and self-efficacy The impact of efficacy on environmental communication; and then through qualitative in-depth interviews, interviews with 5 TV journalists, and then analyze and interpret the quantitative results.
The research results show that climate change risk perception has a partially significant positive impact on climate change reporting self-efficacy, and climate change reporting self-efficacy has a partially significant positive impact on environmental communication, but climate change risk knowledge has no significant positive impact on climate change reporting. It can be seen from the above that when journalists' perception of climate change risk increases, their climate change reporting self-efficacy also increases, which in turn increases their positive impact on environmental communication. There were significant differences in self-efficacy between journalists and photojournalists in climate change reporting.
Journalists' higher scores in climate change risk perception should be associated with increased media coverage. In terms of climate change risk knowledge, journalists scored low, with higher scores on energy issues. Journalists scored high on climate change self-efficacy. Journalists believed that, regardless of whether they had previous reporting experience, if the media organization could provide more resources and assistance, journalists would have a higher self-efficacy. In terms of environmental-friendly behavior, individual journalists are relatively passive in disseminating climate change environment, but they strongly agree that by discussing and reporting climate change, they can learn new knowledge, and the media has the social education responsibility to strengthen climate change reporting.
The findings also suggest that the media should also increase their coverage of climate change "adaptation." Journalists are quite dissatisfied with the performance of media organizations on climate change coverage. Journalists believe that there are many ways for media organizations to encourage or assist journalists to report climate change news to improve their self-efficacy, including strengthening cooperation with climate change academic groups, encouraging participation in relevant journalism awards, and implementing education and training to enhance journalists' self-efficacy.

並列關鍵字

journalists ； self-efficacy ； climate change ； risk perception ； risk knowledge ； environmental communication

參考文獻

宋曜廷、潘佩妤(2010)。混合研究在教育研究的應用。教育科學研究期刊，55(4)，97-130。

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Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York: Free Press.

中文文獻

王俊明(2015)。論文的研究、統計與測驗方法。台北：師大書苑。