- 學位論文
船舶於港區作業之環境管理系統建制研究
Implementation of Environmental Management System for Vessel Operation within a Port Area
摘要
國際港口為提升港埠競爭力與經營績效，近來均致力改善港埠軟硬體設施，然在增加船舶進出港艘次與裝卸貨量的同時，卻也加重對港區環境的負荷，過去我國港口管理機關對於船舶污染均採行政管制手段，且未有一套完整之管理制度，爰本研究蒐集船舶於港區作業之各項活動，鑑別可能引發之環境議題，導入ISO 14001之觀念建制環境管理系統，提供港口管理機關參考，以減少船舶於港區污染或不慎違規遭受行政部門之裁罰，共同努力提升港區之環境品質。 研究發現船舶進出港作業不論在各方面均是對環境影響衝擊最大之作業項目，其中又以營運船舶之污染量最大，而污染種類方面以空氣污染最為嚴重，其次為船舶壓艙水污染。在因應對策部分，其中有關油污染、有害有毒物質污染、污水污染與垃圾污染，港務公司應提供足夠之收受能量，可避免船舶於港區內任意排放，並透過國際公約與各國之法令規定來管理。至於船舶航行或靠港造成之空氣污染，可藉由空氣污染物排放清冊及監測系統，瞭解港區空氣污染之情形，再配合船舶進港減速、船舶使用低硫燃油及接用岸電系統等措施，應可逐漸改善港區之空氣品質。另外船舶壓艙水污染對於海洋或港口造成環境不可逆之影響，主要有船舶港外交換海水及船舶本身設置處理設施之因應方式，惟執行及管理上仍有待加強。
並列摘要
In order to enhance the competitiveness and the business performances, international ports devote to improving software and hardware facilities in recent years. However, the environmental loads of ports aggravate as the vessel traffic and the port capacity increase. Since the authorities of port management in Taiwan adapt administrative control but lack of a complete management system, this thesis collects various operation activities in the port and then identifies possible environmental issues induced by the activities. Besides, the research proposes a port management system incorporating the ISO14001 as a reference for port management authorities. The system can reduce the penalties by administration due to port pollutions or accidental violations of ships. One expects that the research is helpful for improving the environmental qualities. In literature, the most port pollution comes from the inbound and outbound operations of ships, where the business ships produce the most pollutants. After classifying the pollution types, the first severe type is air pollutions, and the second severe type is ballast water pollutions. To reduce the pollutions, the proposed countermeasure is summarized as follows. For the pollutions of oils, toxic substances, sewage, and wastes, ports corporations should provide enough accepting energy, which can avoid arbitrary emissions of ships in the ports. Besides, ports corporations can supervise ships according to international covenants and national laws. For the air pollution during ship voyage and berthing, the air pollutions in the port are first studied through emission inventory of air pollutants and monitoring systems, and then the air qualities in the port can be gradually improved by reducing ship inbound speeds, by applying low sulfur fuel oils, and by connecting with port electric power systems. For the environmental irreversible effect due to ballast water pollutions in the ocean and port, the pollutions can be improved by sea water exchange outside the port and management facilities of ships. The only concern is the enhancement of execution and management.