剩餘財產分配請求權中婚前財產與婚後財產認定之研究---以美國共同財產制為借鏡

The Classification Between the Property Aquired Before Marriage and the Property Aquired in Marriage When Equally Distributed upon Dissolution of the Statuary Marital Property Regime---Learning from American Community Property System

柯政延(CHENG-YEN KO)

指導教授 ： 徐慧怡

國立臺北大學/法律學院/法律學系/碩士(2011年)

摘要

我國91年修正之法定財產制雖依瑞士所得分配制為藍本，但究與分別財產制不同，夫妻間財產關係並非涇渭分明毫不相涉，例如第1018條之1自由處分金之協議、第1022條婚後財產之報告義務、以及第1030條之1、第1020條之1剩餘財產分配請求權及其保全措施等，甚至自由處分金即揭明「各國立法例已朝向視夫妻為合夥關係」作為增設理由。故此，本論文主要即以同樣採取夫妻合夥理論的美國共同財產制各州之見解，就有關離婚時夫妻財產之劃分議題，即分別財產與共同財產間如何認定作為主要研究探討之對象，以期有助於我國婚前財產與婚後財產間之認定。

就婚後財產部分，本論文主要以美國法上特殊財產應否納入共同財產分配之議題為主軸，論述包括有長期取得性質之資產(如退休金、保險金)，無形之人力資產(專業學位證照與信譽)，性質不明之賠償金(人身損害賠償金)等，為我國離婚時之夫妻財產分配提供一項新指引，竭力開創尋找夫妻共同協力貢獻之所得並將之納入婚後財產，使婚後財產之範圍擴大，保障離婚後經濟較弱勢之一方。

就婚前財產部分，因夫妻經歷長久婚姻而離婚時，婚前財產往往無法證明而產生依第1017條第1項規定皆推定為婚後財產之弊病。本文欲圖減緩此不當影響，介紹美國法上源出於來源理論的追溯原則，並其中衍生之家庭花費理論、共同財產優先支出、及概括追溯法等理論，企盼藉由間接追溯的運用而有助於婚前財產的保全。

關鍵字

婚前財產 ； 婚後財產 ； 普通法財產制 ； 共同財產制 ； 合夥關係 ； 追溯法則 ； 退休金 ； 人壽保險 ； 收入能力提升 ； 專業信譽 ； 名人信譽 ； 人身損害賠償金

並列摘要

Although the amendment of the marital property system in 2002 in our country is according to the Swiss law, it is still different from the separation of property regime. Property relationships between husband and wife are not irrelevant. For example, Article 1018-1 provides that husband and wife may contract a certain amount of money paid by one for the other's free disposition; Article 1022 provides that either husband or wife under mutual obligation has the duty to inform each other of his or her property acquired during marriage; Article 1030-1 provides the right to claim distribution of matrimonial property as well as the scope of it, and Article 1020-1 provides the security measures. Moreover, Article 1018-1 discloses that, " the universal rules of relationship between husband and wife is toward the theory of parternship”. Therefore, this article focuses on the issues of the theory of community property states, its equal partnership, and the division of marital property upon divorce, especially how to identify separate property and community property. Based on the results above, to identify the classification between the property acquired before marriage, and the property acquired in marriage in ROC is the second purpose of this article.

As to property acquired in marriage , this article focuses on whether a "special property" should be included in the distribution of community property on U.S law, including long-term nature of assets (such as pension, insurance) , the invisible human assets (professional degree , license and goodwill), and the unknown nature of compensation (compensation for personal injury), etc. This article try to find some property which the couple have co-contribution to incorporate into the property acquired in marriage, and protect the lower, more vulnerable party, and provide a new guideline in the distribution of marital property upon divorce.

As to property acquired before marriage, it is often times impossible to prove the remainder assets due to the fact that the husband and wife have been in a long-term marriage. According to the Article 1017 which stipulating all property shall be presumed as the property acquired in marriage, it will lead the remainder to become property acquired in marriage. In order to reduce the undue influence and preserve the nature as property acquired before marriage , this article introduces the tracing theory that derived from source doctrine on U.S. law , which is the derivative of “family expense doctrine”, ”community-out-first doctrine” and “the total recapitulation tracing method”.

並列關鍵字

Common Law System ； Community property System ； Separate property ； Community property ； Partnership ； Tracing ； Pension benefit ； Life insurance ； Enhanced earning capacity ； Professional goodwill ； Celebrity goodwill ； Personal injury damages

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