兩岸終止勞動契約法制之比較研究

A Study on the Comparison of Difference Between Taiwan and Mainland China Labor Contract Law－An Observation of Contract Termination

黃冠程(KUAN-CHENG HUANG)

指導教授 ： 郭玲惠

國立臺北大學/法律學院/法律學系/碩士(2010年)

摘要

勞工因與雇主訂定勞動契約而獲得工作、維持生活，其工作權自應予以保障。勞動契約之消滅，將造成勞工中斷收入來源，對勞工至關重要；另，勞工可藉由終止權之行使脫離勞動關係，以尋求更好的機會。故勞動契約消滅乃勞動關係之核心。鑑於勞資雙方經濟實力差距極大，故法律設計上基於社會性考量，使勞動契約之消滅，不完全適用民法之規定，並受公法監督，以保障勞工。
契約終止意指契約因終止權之行使，由契約當事人之一方，以意思表示消滅契約之法律關係，係勞動契約之消滅最常見的態樣，所衍生的糾紛也最多。我國有關勞動契約終止權之行使，即依勞動基準法規定為之，排除民法規定之適用。另中國大陸隨著改革開放後，經濟大幅成長，勞資關係漸漸有別於社會主義下「大鍋飯」，而趨於複雜，然而大陸關於勞動法法制的腳步長久以來相當的緩慢，直至1978年第71屆三中全會申決定中國共產黨的工作重點轉移至社會主義現代化建設以因應市場經濟上的需求後始有進展。1994年7月5日中共人民大會常務委員會審議通過「中華人民共和國勞動法」，有別於過去計畫體制下的勞動法規。惟其法規制訂極為混亂，體例不一，且中央與地方有別，適用對象不明確。然而，中國大陸於2007年6月29日通過、2008年1月1日施行之「勞動合同法」，近一步改變中國大陸的勞動市場面貌，並且對於勞動契約法制之建構有更嚴密的規範，比起台灣而言，保護勞工的強度毫不遜色，對於台商在大陸的經營也自然造成很大的影響。由於該法內容明顯向勞動者傾斜，被外界視做是保護勞工的劃時代法律。由於我國與中國大陸地理位置相近，語言相同，文化同源，故該法應頗有值得借鏡之處，實有詳加研究之必要。
我國於民國25年12月25日由國民政府公布勞動契約法，惟依該法規定，施行日期以命令定之，但至今仍未以行政命令定之，因此我國勞動契約法尚未施行，目前勞雇雙方之個別勞動關係係於民國73年7月3日公布之勞動基準法規範，然因勞動基準法規範勞雇雙方勞動關係之最低標準，與有相當程度私法自治之勞動契約法仍有不同。行政院勞委會近來亦針對勞動契約法邀專冢學者擬修正草案，予以補充修改，使之更加完善，於可見之未來，勞雇間個別勞動關係之規範將更加週全。
建立強調法治觀念之社會主義法制體系為中國大陸建立社會主義市場經濟所必須具備之要件，而在市場經濟體制中，規範一般民事活動當事人雙方權利義務時，基於當事人意思自主原則，必須透過契約之訂定來釐清當事人權利義務關係。勞動合同不僅可以明確當事人權利義務關係，更是日後發生勞資爭爭議判斷有無理由之依據。本論文試著從兩岸勞動契約法制比較雙方之差異點，以增進彼此之瞭解，並進苒促使立法及修法上之進步，另一方面亦能提供台商赴大陸投資經商時，就勞雇雙方之勞動關係所適用之大陸法規能更深入的瞭解，降低經營管理上之風險，俾利日常商務之運作。

關鍵字

勞動契約 ； 終止 ； 兩岸比較

並列摘要

Because the laborer subscribes with the employer decides the labor contract to obtain the work, to maintenance life, its work power should be safeguard. Elimination the labor contract, will create the laborer to interrupt the source of income, it’s very important to the laborer; In addition, the laborer may cause line of because of the termination power to break the work relations, seeks a better opportunity. Therefore the labor contract elimination is core of the work relations. Since enormous in the labor both sides economic potentiality disparity, therefore in the legal design based on the social consideration, causes elimination the labor contract, is suitable stipulation incompletely the civil law, and the public law surveillance, is safeguarded the laborer.
The contract terminated means the contract line of the termination power to cause, of a side by contract litigants, of legal relationship by the meaning expression elimination contract, is the labor contract eliminates the most common condition type, grows the dispute are also most. Line of our country related labor contract termination power causes, namely decides as it according to the work datum laws and regulations, removes being suitable of the civil law stipulation. Another mainland China after the reform and open policy, the economical large growth, the labor management relation is different with under gradually the socialism “the mess”, but tends to complex, since however mainland about labor law legal system footsteps long-time suitable slow, until in 1978 71st session of Third Session Shanghai decided Communist Party of China by the beginning has the progress the work key shift to the socialism modernization after the market economy in demand. On July 5, 1994 Chinese Communist Party People Congress Standing committee considered passes “the People's Republic of China labor law”, was different with plans under the system the work laws and regulations. Because the laws and regulations making is extremely chaotic, the style not one, also the central committee and the place have leave, are suitable the object not to be clear about. However, mainland China in June 29, 2007 through, on January 1, 2008 executes it “the work law of contract”, near one step changes mainland China the labor market appearance, and has a stricter standard construction regarding the labor contract legal system, compares Taiwan to say, protects laborer's intensity not to be inferior, also naturally has the very tremendous influence regarding the Taiwanese businessman in the mainland management. Because this law content inclines obviously to the worker, is regarded by the outside does is protects laborer's epoch-making law. Because our country and mainland China geographical position is close, the language is same, cultural homology, therefore this law should quite have is worth profit by observing others the place, really has necessity of the detailed Canadian research.
Our country announced the labor contract law in December 25, 1936 by the national government, only depended on this laws and regulations to decide, the execution date ordered to decide it, but still has not until now decided it by the administrative order, therefore our country labor contract law not yet executed, at present the fatigue hired both sides the individual labor relations is in July 3, 1984 work datum law standard the announcement, because however the work datum law standard fatigue hired both sides to work the relations the lowest standard, with had the suitable degree civil law autonomous labor contract law still to have the difference. The Executive Yuan fatigue commission recently also aims at the labor contract law to invite the special tomb scholar to plan to revise the draft, supplements revises, causes it to be more perfect, in the future, the fatigue will obviously hire standard of the individual labor relations to be completer.
The establishment emphasized of socialist legal system the government by law idea must have the important document for mainland China establishment socialist market economy, but when market economy system, standard general civic action litigant both sides rights and obligations, based on the litigant meaning independent principle, must penetrate the contract to subscribe decides the thousandth of a Yuan clear litigant rights and obligations relations. Not only the work contract may be clear about the litigant rights and obligations relations, whether there is will be has the labor struggle dispute to judge basis of in the future the reason. The present paper tries to compare difference of point of difference the bilateral from both banks labor contract legal system, promotes each other the understanding, advances together ran urges the legislation and repairs in the law the progress, when also can provide the Taiwanese businessman to go to the mainland investment does business, the fatigue hires work relations the bilateral to be suitable the mainland laws and regulations to be able a more thorough understanding, reduces in the management and operation the risk, enables operation the advantage daily commerce.

並列關鍵字

Labor Contract Law ； An Observation ； Comparison of Difference Between Taiwan and Mainland China

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