- 學位論文
《洗冤錄》的流傳與中國檢驗制度的建立
The Spread of Xiyuan-lu and the Establishment of China Autopsy System
摘要
過去的研究往往將「版本源流考」當作書籍的流傳，然而這種作法的盲點在於，如果書籍沒有傳世，或者是目錄書著錄的不足，那麼流傳的過程最終將演變成單線的直接聯繫，也不容易看出它的實際意義。將考察的範圍擴大、時間延長，從宋元以來直到清末民初，便可發現《洗冤錄》在明代時，是被當作「刑書」的一種，而這與當時官箴書的流行密切相關。如果只根據《四庫全書總目》以來著錄的情形，將《洗冤錄》視為和「醫家」毫無干係的「法家」著作，則容易再度陷入「為什麼中國的檢驗制度，沒有醫生的參與？」或是「為什麼中國的檢驗知識很少受到醫學發展的影響？」這類的問題模式。 其次，清代對《洗冤錄》的接受、繼承與改編，便是要探討檢驗知識在清代的確立，以及相應而生的制度建置、規範設計，與實際運作情況與演變。知識的確立，便是指在延續明代將《洗冤錄》視為「刑書」、輔助律例而行的脈絡下，如何逐步成為檢驗知識的核心與標準？而其中《律例館校正洗冤錄》的修纂和頒行，便是最重要的一個課題。而制度建設與規範設計，除了需要勾勒出清代的所作所為外（即如《讀例存疑》所整理出「檢驗屍傷不以實」這部分例文的纂修、刪減、合併的情形等），還必須釐清清朝對宋元以來逐步發展的檢驗制度的承襲與變化，這也是在映襯出清代的特色。實際運作的情況與演變，則是接續制度建設（中央－地方，州縣官－衙役）等處而言。政書中所載是一回事，實際情形又是一回事，如果根據法律勾勒出的是一個框架，那麼這個框架有沒有彈性？而這種彈性的範圍又會到哪裡？ 這部分還可以再從知識傳授這角度切入，這是為了解決一個矛盾：既然規定是要求州縣官講解《洗冤錄》，那為什麼蒙蔽的事情一再發生？如果只歸因到官員的怠惰，似乎只是眾多現象的一面而已。將無形無象的知識，運用書籍流傳、知識傳授這兩個方面，放到現實運作的實體上去理解。這樣便能在眾多的史料中，找到一條可以貫穿主題的線，而也較能深刻認識中國古代檢驗知識究竟是什麼？現代法醫學與傳統檢驗之學關係的問題，我將把這納入論文的第三部分與最後的結論。如果借用Thomas Kuhn的觀點，把從傳統檢驗之學到現代法醫學視作是典範的轉移，那麼清代將會是最重要的一塊拼圖。在中國法醫學之父林幾回國創立法醫研究所之前的這段時間裡，傳統的檢驗學在面對法醫學的競爭時，在制度上的更迭，以及在知識上的變化，會是理解這次典範轉移的關鍵。
並列摘要
Past studies used to think that origins is books' spread , however, the blind spot is that, if the book is not handed down, or the lack of catalog books bibliographic spread process will eventually evolve into a single line of direct contact, its practical significance is not easy to see. Will expand the scope of inspection, the time since the Song and Yuan until the end of the Qing , Xiyuan-lu (洗冤錄) can be found in the Ming Dynasty, is as a kind of " punishment book ", which is the official Proverbs book of popular closely related. If only bibliographic situation the Sikuquanshuzongmu(四庫全書總目) Xiyuan-lu "as the " medical " not the " Legalism " writings, it is easy to once again caught in the" Why China's inspection system without a doctor participation? "or" Why do little knowledge of inspection by the Medical Development? " kind of problem patterns. Second, the Qing Dynasty acceptance, inheritance and adaptation Xiyuan-lu , is to investigate the test build knowledge in the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, and the consequential system specification design and actual operating conditions and evolution. The establishment of knowledge, that is, in line continuation of the Ming Dynasty Xiyuan-lu as a "punishment book" auxiliary statutes context, how gradually become the core knowledge and standards of inspection? Which the Lu li guan Jiao zheng Xiyuan-lu (律例館校正洗冤錄) compiling and enacted, is one of the most important topics. Institution building and specification design, in addition to the need to outline the Qing Dynasty did , must also clarify the inherited and change of the Qing Dynasty, the inspection system has gradually developed since the Song and Yuan This is against the background of the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty. The actual operation and evolution, etc. in terms of continued construction . Set out in the political book is one thing, the actual situation is one thing, in accordance with the law outlines a framework, this framework there is no flexibility? This flexible range will to go? This part can also be taught from the knowledge which the angle, to resolve a contradiction: Since regulations require magistrates to explain Xiyuan-lu deceived that why things repeatedly occur? If only attributed to the inaction of the officials, it seems only one of many phenomena side. The invisible elephant-free knowledge, the use of books circulated, the knowledge on these two aspects, up understanding into the reality of the operation of the entity. This allows many historical data, find a line that can be used throughout the theme, rather than a profound understanding of exactly what the ancient Chinese test knowledge? Relationship of modern forensic science and traditional inspection, I will put the third part included in the paper, with the final conclusion. Borrow Thomas Kuhn's view, to learn from the traditional test of modern forensic science seen as a paradigm shift, the Qing Dynasty will be the most important piece of the puzzle. Lin-ji (林幾) , the father of the Chinese Journal of Forensic , before he return to China and create the Institute of Forensic Medicine, traditional Chinese forensic medicine faces competition in the Forensic Medicine , institutional change, as well as the changes in the knowledge, the understanding of this paradigm shift key.