在觀光產業裡,有一旅遊型態,自然旅遊(nature-based tourism, NBT),其所指民眾因自然歷史吸引所產生的旅遊行為,通常具備休閒、冒險與教育之特性,像是到國家公園、野生動物保護區、自然公園或其他被保護的區域,進行高強度活動,如跳傘、攀岩、衝浪等,或緩和、舒適活動,如賞鳥、釣魚、露營等活動。自然旅遊景點之價值為非市場財貨,衡量依據於其存在與功能,存在價值可從保育的需求判斷,功能價值則在於遊憩需求,而民眾參訪與否受其願付價格影響。 臺灣於國家自然景點營運尚無收費制度,且國人多傾向免費參訪自然旅遊景點。但是,自然旅遊是國人旅遊時最喜歡從事的活動項目之一,故建立自然旅遊景點之收費制度有其必要性。除了可以帶來經濟收入,幫助營運外,更重要的是為了保護自然資源。國內少數收費自然旅遊景點,關渡自然公園為其一,環境維護除了要穩定經費來源,更需要創造盈餘。如此,管理單位才能夠將經費用於創新,提升公園的軟體或硬體設施,為國人帶來更高的效益。 本研究以旅行成本法(travel cost method)來加上條件行為法(contingent behavior),以常態半對數迴歸模型修正內生分層衡量民眾對關渡自然公園的遊憩需求函數,進而估算其效益。結果顯示在情境與旅次增加是顯著正相關,現況每人每年消費者剩餘皆為23,800元,在環境品質提升的情境下,為15,500元;在門票價格提升至100元的情境下,則為9,132元,表示調整票價是可行。另外,在問卷調查時,向民眾詢問可能的售票型態之態度與願付價格後,顯示可以450元的年票與300元的賞鳥套票著手設計,以期增加園區收入,達到永續經營。
There are many types of tourism, and nature-based tourism, NBT, is one of them. It means that the public makes trips drawn by the natural history of the visited sites, and usually involves leisure, adventures, and educations, such as national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, natural parks, or other protected area to perform sky-diving, rock climbing, surfing, bird seeing, fishing, or camping. The value of NBT sites is considered non-market good. Its valuation depends on existence and function. The existence value can be determine by the needs of conservation. The function value depends on the recreational demand and people’s visitation is influenced by its willingness to pay. In Taiwan, there is no pricing measures for national natural tourist sites. People tend to visit these NBT sites without fees, but NBT is the most involved activity. Therefore, by collecting fees, sites will be better managed and, most importantly, more investment in nature conservation. Guandu Nature Park is one of the few fee-collecting sites. The maintenance of environment needs stable funding. Moreover, park managers count on revenues for innovation and renovation of hardware and services, which will generate higher social benefits. This study utilizes travel cost method data and contingent behavior(CB) data to estimate the recreational demand function and benefits of Guandu Nature Park with negative binomial count data model with endogenous stratification. Results shown that at current condition, consumer surplus is $23,800. With increasing environmental quality, consumer surplus changes to $15,500; $9,132 for ticket fee increased to $100. The result shows collecting fee at $100 is feasible. Furthermore, this study inquired publics’ opinions and willingness to pay on couple of possible tickets, $450 for annual pass and $300 for seasonal pass, in the goal of increasing park’s revenue for sustainable development.