- 學位論文
工作、經濟獨立、婚姻－女性就業與離婚風險
Work、Economic Independence、Marriage-Women Employment and Divorce Risk
摘要
近十幾年來西方先進國家，社會變遷過程裡發現離婚率攀升，同時地亦發現女性勞動參與率增加。雖然兩者不必然有因果關係，但雷同的趨勢，也讓研究者懷疑之間的相關。其中，重要理論之一為「經濟獨立假設」。假設認為當已婚女性參與勞動市場(經濟獨立)，會造成婚姻利益的減少，但另一方面也代表離婚成本降低。即便國外研究相當豐富，結果卻仍尚未有定論。在臺灣社會，已婚女性離婚率和勞動參與率也是呈現增加的情況，與西方社會趨勢相似。然而臺灣目前研究，甚少有人探究直接影響離婚之因素，加上國內文獻早期多採用橫斷性資料，對分析婚姻動態的研究有所限制，不足以解釋婚姻變化的因果關係。基於這些理由，本文利用不同資料與方法，再探究經濟獨立假說，測量已婚女性的經濟能力是否影響離婚風險。利用「華人家庭動態資料庫」(PSFD)的資料，並採用事件史分析法。研究結果發現，當已婚女性有工作，與沒有工作的已婚女性相比，離婚風險為正相關。再進一步測量已婚女性的工作年數比例，卻發現有U 型曲線關係的存在。工作年數比例低(小於30%)和工作年數比例高(大於70%)的已婚女性，與處於居間的女性相比，離婚風險較高。結果既不同於過去臺灣研究的結論，亦不符合預期中的經濟獨立假設。工作年數比例高的已婚女性，能是因為經濟獨立的緣故；一方面與傳統家庭分工產生衝突，另一方面顯示離婚成本降低，故造成較高的離婚風險。工作年數比例低的已婚女性，反而是缺少經濟能力，既無法補貼家庭經濟，亦降低本身在婚姻的協商能力。
關鍵字
就業；離婚；經濟獨立並列摘要
In Western Society, the divorce rate is increasing recently. At the same time, some researchers also observe that women’s labor participation is rising. Someone doubts that divorce rate may correlates with labor participation. The dominant theoretical perspective on martial stability is economic independence hypothesis. The hypothesis presumes a positive effect of wives’ economic independence on the risk of divorce. Some studies also show who married women have more economic ability, such as get a paid work or high earnings, will face higher risk of divorce. However, the results of researches aren’t consisting and still complex. In Taiwan, the results of studies support economic independence hypothesis. But researches discuss what direct factors influence the risk of divorce is very less. Besides, early studies are often using cross section data that not enough to prove causal relation between the risk of divorce and economic factors. This article examines economic independence hypothesis again, but uses different data and method. Event-history analyses of data from Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD). The result shows that working women have higher risk of divorce than women who do not work. It is a positive relationship between employment effect and the risk of divorce. However, when we test that the percentage of work years, we find that the effect of work years shows U-shaped relationship. Comparing with wives in the group of middle percentage of work years, the low or high percentage both have positive effect on the risk of divorce. This is different to the results of prior Taiwan studies. Women work have long time in labor market may attribute to economic independence: one reason is the tradition role of family that broken and result in conflict, the other is economic ability can decrease the cost of divorce. Women work only short time in labor market or never work that because lack of economic ability that can’t help to share family economic stress and lead to lower bargaining power in family.