失業問題為世界各國政府必須面對的公共問題,無論是民主或共產國家,都對失業問題的解決提出了各種不同的解決模式。台灣過去也是經濟途徑為主要的失業解決模式,由過去失業保險轉型為今日的就業保險。近年來,在參考國外之運作經驗後,政府亦開始嘗試新的就業政策模式,從社會面向上來解決失業者所面臨的問題。 本研究主要目的有二:(一)經由理論探討的過程中,建立社會資本、就業和政策工具之關連性,並藉此提出具有社會資本觀點的就業模式。(二)透過檢視現行的就業安全體系及多元就業開方案的執行內容,希望能夠對於政府未來在執行就業方案上做出建議。 研究發現目前就業政策所構築的就業安全網-就業保險、職業訓練和就業服務-僅適用於仍具有就業潛力的失業者,對於就業弱勢族群,特別是陷入社會排除困境的失業者難以產生作用。本研究分析國外學者所發展的社會資本政策觀點,進而提出社會型就業模式:(一)運用既有的社會網絡提供服務-在第三部門雇用弱勢失業者;(二)打造適合社會資本的環境-強化第三部門;(三)支持方案參與者的社會資本形成-方案參與者融入主流社會生活。 多元就業開發方案係由政府補助民間團體,透過這些團體去僱用就業弱勢族群,這些民間團體即是具有緊密社會網絡的第三部門組織,在方案執行的過程中同時也增加了組織運作及提供服務的能力,方案參與者在參加方案的過程中一方面能夠獲得工作技能,一方面也能夠增進和其他行動者之的互動關係,建立更為豐厚的社會資本,有助其融入社會環境,並增進方案參與者未來就業的可能性。
The purpose of this research is to construct the relationship between social capital theory, employment issue and public policy, as well as to propose some suggestions for the further development of employment policies. Unemployment is a policy issue that every government on earth has to deal with. In order to eliminate unemployment, the governments adopt different solutions from various perspectives. In Taiwan, the unemployment policy was based on economic approach for the most part in the past. In recent years, Taiwan government has attempted to use new employment model with the reference of foreign experience. The Diverse Employment Development Project is one of the employment policies in this background. With the Diverse Employment Development Project, the third sector organizations are provided subsidies from government, so that they can hire the high risk unemployed to deliver social service or to make profit by selling product. On the one hand, those organizations are empowered thought this process, and on the other those project participants gain more work skills. For the most important, they can build social capital with other and increase their employment potential thought this process.