境外社會組織於中國大陸合法性的建立－以慈濟基金會為例

The Legitimacy Building of The International NGO in Contemporary China－The Case of Tzu Chi Foundation

陳信吉(Hsin-Chi Chen)

指導教授 ： 王信賢

國立臺北大學/公共事務學院/公共行政暨政策學系/碩士(2011年)

摘要

中國大陸自從實施改革開放以來，國家高速發展之下帶動了都市化與社會變遷，既有了長足的進步，同時卻也造成了中國社會內部蘊含諸多的矛盾。中國在經濟發展上取得重大成果，然而，社會發展上卻進入了「高風險社會」。在現今這樣情勢多變的全球環境背景下，國家的治理日益困難且遭受到不同類型的危機挑戰，因此國家面對這類課題時，都希望能借重「第三部門」之力，共同度過難關。從「國家－社會」關係的視角出發，引伸出黨國蛻變下的中國，長久以來「強國家、弱社會」的「國家－社會」關係形態中，境外社會組織的角色與功能備受關注，而它必然受到中國大陸社會組織制度下分類控制策略的審視與合法性的檢驗。

任何欲求在中國大陸運作與發展的社會組織之首要之務即是合法性的建立，而對於境外社會組而言，於政府的合法性建立格外重要。本研究以慈濟基金會為個案，慈濟基金會在2008年成為首家境外社會組織在中國大陸成立的全國性基金會，作為一個從台灣興起，以佛教為背景而成立的社會組織，此議題涵蓋了有關兩岸關係、宗教事務與組織性動員，而慈濟基金會如何能夠成就這項難得的里程碑？本文以社會組織與政府的互動合作做為研究途徑，透過雙方合作關係的建立，了解慈濟基金會面對中國大陸的國家與社會部門採取什麼樣的策略做法，建立並強化其合法性。

經由回顧境外社會組織在中國大陸的現況，並檢視慈濟基金會在中國大陸的志業發展過程，透過深度訪談的結果了解慈濟基金會在「國家－社會」互動中的合法性建構，得知境外社會組織的困境來自於政府因素，往後慈濟基金會在中國大陸志業的方向逐漸以招募培訓在地志工為重心，最終發現，社會組織的合法性建立需要時間地累積與互動合作持續奠基。

關鍵字

「國家－社會」關係；境外社會組織；合法性機制 ；慈濟基金會

並列摘要

China has been through urbanization and social change under the rapid development since “The Chinese Economic Reform,” it has accomplished great improvements but also caused a lot of contradictions in the society. China displayed significant achievements on economic development; however, it has become a “high-risk society” when it comes to social development. In the ever-changing global environment nowadays, governance is becoming difficult and subjected to different types of crisis and challenges. Therefore, the state wishes to rely on “the third sector” to pass through crisis when it faces challenging governance issues. Through the perspective of “state-society relationship” brought forth the transformation of party-state system of China, in this “strong state and weak society” structure, not only would the role and function of the International Non-Governmental Organizations（INGOs） appeal to China, but also under the system of social organization strategies of “classification and control” and legitimacy, the INGOs undoubtedly would be examined seriously in China .

To establish the legitimacy is the top priority for every NGOs which hope to operate and develop the organizations in mainland China, and it is particularly important for the INGOs. Tzu Chi Foundation would be the appropriate case for this study, it became the first INGO to establish national foundation in mainland China at 2008. As a NGO which derived from Taiwan and based on Buddhism beliefs, how did Tzu Chi Foundation accomplish such milestone? The question is related to cross-strait relationship, religious affair and organizational mobilization issues. This research study used the interaction and cooperation of social organization and government as the research approach to understand the kind of strategy and behavior Tzu Chi Foundation adopts to build and strengthen its legitimacy when it faces mainland China’s government agencies and their social sectors.

Finally, the study result shows that the predicament of the INGOs in contemporary China derives from government factors. In the future, Tzu Chi Foundation will gradually focus their missions on recruitment and training of local volunteers. The conclusion for this study is that in order to establish legitimacy of social organization, NGO should take time to interact and cooperate with the government continuously.

並列關鍵字

“State-Society” Relationship；International Non-Governmental Organization；Legitimacy ；Tzu Chi Foundation

參考文獻

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