台灣因應全球氣候變遷的政策與立法研究--以污染排放權交易為中心

The Research on Taiwan's Policy and Legislations in Response of Global Climate Change Problem-Focus on the Emission Trading System

朱九龍(Chu, Chiu-Lung)

指導教授 ： 陳春生

國立臺北大學/法律學院/法律學系/碩士(2011年)

摘要

日益嚴重之環境問題，使人類社會遭受前所未有的風險和危機。1999年台灣九二一大地震、2008年大陸汶川大地震、2009年台灣莫拉克颱風引發八八水災造成小林村滅村、2010年冰島火山爆發使全球航空因而停頓、2011年日本福島海嘯更引發複合式核能災變等等…均證明地球正面臨二十一世紀的「環境危機」。似此眾多嚴重威脅人類生存和發展的環境變異均肇因於全球氣候的變遷。

為舒緩與調適全球氣候變遷，必須對因全球工業快速擴張所產生的溫室氣體排放進行總量管制。而排放權交易制度則為具經濟誘因的間接管制，可搭配總量管制進行污染排放減量。工業化國家均已開始建立污染排放權交易制度。具經濟誘因的間接管制雖可避免直接管制的僵化，但也有其必須面對如經濟規模、分配的有效性、市場機制的運作等課題。排放權交易制度亦然。本文從制度的介紹，進一步分析排放權交易制度在我國的法律架構下運用時，必須加以考量的因素。

由空氣污染防制法及溫室氣體減量法（草案）可知，排放權交易制度已成我政府施政的重點之一。過去政府雖曾針對相關課題進行研議，且已初步獲得包括空污法的修訂、空氣污染物總量管制制度的建立並持續推動空氣污染物排放量的推估、高高屏及中部地區總量管制示範計畫為我國實施排放權交易制度奠定了基礎。然而對於制度實施所涉及包括查核及管理體系的建置猶待進一步規劃。國際上各主要工業國針對京都議定書均訂有一系列之配套措施，值得我們借鏡。

全球氣候變遷已是長期而且明顯的趨勢，每年可能出現的無論澇災或乾旱，地震或海嘯均是極端的氣候災難。如何因應氣候變遷的衝擊?原則上，立法乃是最終且唯一的路。行政院在1997年將原本的「全球變遷政策指導小組」擴大為「國家永續發展委員會」期待其負擔一部分的整合功能，但從實際運作來看，卻無事權整合之力。吾人唯積極推動『總量管制』的施行，加速『溫室氣體減量法』的立法，建立完善的『排放權交易』制度，全面檢討修訂不合時宜而窒礙難行的法令與法規如總量管制尚需經濟部同意公佈施行，方能面對全球氣候變遷的巨濤駭浪。尤其師法英國明訂『氣候變遷法』 。政府與民眾並依照新近通過的「環境教育法」長期且持續的進行相關教育與防範工作，才能讓台灣在全球氣候變遷的籠罩下永續經營與發展。

關鍵字

氣候變遷 ； 溫室氣體 ； 總量管制 ； 排放權交易制度

並列摘要

More and more serious environmental problems turn the human society into huge risk and crisis. The horrible earthquake happened in mid-Taiwan on September 21, 1999, another incredible earthquake happened in Sichuan, China in 2008, The typhoon caused the flooding and landslide perished the whole Shio-Lin village in southern Taiwan on August 8, 2010, the volcano eruption in Iceland made the whole world aviation grounded in 2010 and the Tsunami happened in Japan caused a complex nuclear disaster in 2011etc…. showed that the earth is facing the 21st century’ “Environmental Crisis”. Due to global climate changes, many similar environmental phenomena threat the survival and development of human seriously.

To soothe and remediate the global climate changes, we must take total-quantity-control of the global warming gases produced due to rapidly expansion of world’s industries. Emission trading system(ETS) is an indirect control of “Economic Incentives System”(EIS). The developed countries already started to set up ETS. It can combine with the total-quantity-control for pollutants’ reduction. The indirect control of EIS is more flexible than the straightforward “Command-and-Control” system. However, the EIS still has problems to deal with such as economical scale, the effectiveness of distribution, the operation of market mechanism etc… So does ETS. Via the introduction of the system, the thesis is trying to analyze the “Emission Trading System” under the framework of Law system in Taiwan. It will point out factors needed to be considered while fulfilling the system later in Taiwan.

“Emission Trading System” has become one of the main issues of our governmental administration in accordance with the content of “Air Pollution Control Act “and “Greenhouse Gas Reduction Act (draft)”. Our government has done many researches on how to establish ETS and has made progresses such as to amend the “Air Pollution Control Act “, to fulfill the total-quantity-control plans of air pollutants, and continuing to promote estimating the amount of air pollutants’ emission, and the regional total-quantity-control projects. However, the related check-up and management systems still need to be further planed to establish. It can refer to other developed countries having established serial procedures to coordinate with “Kyoto Protocol”.

“Global Climate Change” has obviously become a long-term trend. Extremely weather disasters, such as flood or drought, earthquake or tsunami, happen frequently each year. How can we deal with the impact of climate change? In principle, legislation is the only and final solution. “The Working Committee on Global Environmental Change Policy” was expanded to “The National Council for Sustainable Development” by Executive Yuan in 1997 to share the function of integration. Unfortunately, it didn’t work as expected. We need to promote the concept of “total-quantity-control”, to accelerate the legislation on “Greenhouse Gas Reduction Act”, and establishing ETS, to inspect and revise all inadequate rules and regulations such as to fulfill the “total-quantity-control” policy will need to have the approval of Department of Economy. We then can survive from the tidal of gloal climate changes.To achieve sustainable development under the impact of “Global Climate Change”, the government and the people shall work together to promote environmental education and to implement relevant assignments in accordance with the new “The Environmental Education Act” and the promulgating the experience of “Climate Change Act “ in UK.

並列關鍵字

Climate change ； Greenhouse gas ； The total-quantity-control ； Emission trading System (ETS)

參考文獻

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