建構企業生命週期之融資策略

The Study of Relations between Enterprises’ Life Cycle and Financing Strategy

李富川(FU-CHUAN LI)

指導教授 ： 李孟峰

國立臺北大學/商學院/統計學系/碩士(2013年)

摘要

資本結構會影響企業資金成本，進而改變企業價值，健全的資本結構對企業成敗不言可喻。在尋找最佳資本結構過程中，其中以靜態抵換理論(Static trade-off theory)與融資順位理論(Pecking order theory)為兩大主流。靜態抵換理論主張提高負債固然產生稅盾利益，卻也帶來槓桿成本，而最適資本結構的形成，即在使用負債所帶來的利益與成本之間的抵換(Trade off)過程，達到一個均衡的最適資本結構，此即所謂的靜態抵換理論，亦稱為目標調整理論(Target Adjustment Theory)；融資順位理論則主張優先使用內部資金，接下來是負債，最後才考慮外部資金，才是符合利益最大之融資政策。
Shyam-Sunder and Myers(1999) 實證有關融資順位理論在一階公司融資條件下較優異，以及簡單目標調整在獨立條件下有較好績效，針對兩者同時檢定，融資順位係數和顯著性幾乎不會改變，而目標調整績效則降低。Frank and Goyal(2003)以橫斷面實證有關1971-1998年美股上市公司融資赤字，淨權益發行比淨負債發行關係更加密切，目標調整與融資順位同時檢定下，融資赤字額外增加較小的解釋力，但融資赤字無法挑戰傳統槓桿廻歸因子的角色。融資順位降低檢定力是受到1980s-1990s有許多小型公司和獲利不佳企業在1990s公開上市交易所導致，以及權益更顯重要是主要因素。
本研究針對上述研究結果，探討台灣股市是否與美國股市相同，本研究嘗試從微觀的企業生命週期角度，探討融資策略形成過程。將樣本分為四期，以多變量因素分析萃取潛伏變數；其次，依潛伏變數進行集群分析；第三，判別分析探討模型配適度，第四，建立兩大假說，最後，以廻歸分析探討各週期融資策略。
檢定結果，(1) 企業在制定融資政策顯示大都遵循目標資本結構，在融資順位方面，支持假說一:成長越高以及規模越大公司，則越會遵行融資順位理論之推論。在目標調整方面，支持假說二:企業年齡越低以及有形資產越大，越會遵行目標資本結構之推論。(2) 目標調整與融資順位同時檢定結果，與Shyam-Sunder and Myers(1999)及Frank and Goyal(2003) 結論類似，並不穩健，但包括落後槓桿之傳統廻歸較包括內部資金缺口之傳統廻歸檢定力強，與Shyam-Sunder and Myers(1999)及Frank and Goyal(2003)結論不同。此外，企業在不同時空，融資策略會跟著改變，企業的各種財務指標隱含不同財務策略。

關鍵字

目標調整理論,融資順位理論,資本結構,因數分析,集群分析,生命週期

並列摘要

Capital structure will affect the cost of capital; thereby changing the enterprise value, a sound capital structure for business success not self-evident. In the process of looking for an optimal capital structure, Static trade-off theory and Pecking Order theory are the two mainstreams. Static tradeoff theory pointed that to raise the debt although generate tax shield interest , but also brings leverage costs, and optimal capital structure formation, that between the process of benefits of using the liability and cost trade-off, to achieve a equilibrium optimal capital structure, namely the so-called static tradeoff theory, also known as the Targeted Adjustment Theory ; pecking order theory is advocated priority to use internal funds, followed by debt, and finally to consider external funding before is consistent with the interests of the largest financing policy.
Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999) argue that the pecking order is an excellent first-order descriptor of corporate financing behavior, the simple target adjustment model, when tested independently, also seems to perform well. When the two models are tested jointly, the coefficients and significance of the pecking order models change hardly at all. Frank and Goyal (2003) the cross-sectional evidence in about American stocks of listed companies the relationship between financing deficit and net equity than net debt issuance closer in 1971-1998 years. The target adjustment and pecking order test at the same time, the financing deficit adds a small amount of extra explanatory power, but the financing deficit does not challenge the role of the conventional leverage factors. the financing deficit smaller additional explanatory power, but financing deficit can not challenge the traditional role of leverage regression factor. Pecking order test power is reduced by 1980s-1990s that due to there are many small companies or poor profit publicly traded in the 1990s, as well as the more important that the equity issue is a major factor.
Based on the findings of this study to explore whether the Taiwan stock market the same as the U.S. stock market, In this thesis, the multivariate factor analysis is used to extract latent variables; second, cluster analysis is used with latent variables; third, discriminate analysis discuss the fitness of the model; forth, establish two hypotheses; Finally, regression analysis is used to discuss the financial strategy in each cycle.
The conclusions of this study is (1) the enterprises in establish financing policies show mostly follows the target capital structure, in the pecking order, support a hypothesis: the higher growth and larger company, the more will comply pecking order theory of inference. The target adjustment, support hypothesis two: the lower the firm age and tangible assets, the more will comply target capital structure inference. (2) The target adjustment and pecking order at the same time test results, with Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999) and Frank and Goyal (2003) concluded similar does not robust, but including the traditional lag leverage regression than to including internal funding deficit compared to the traditional regression testing power magnitude, with Shyam-Sunder and Myers (1999) and Frank and Goyal (2003) conclusions are different. In addition, companies in different time, financing strategy will follow the change; the enterprises of various financial indicators imply different financial strategies

並列關鍵字

Target-adjustment theory, Pecking order theory, Capital structure, Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, Life cycle

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