高速公路建設對住業均衡的影響：國道5號之實證分析

Freeway construction effects on job-housing balance: An empirical study of Freeway No.5

林書汝(Lin Shu-Ju)

指導教授 ： 林楨家

國立臺北大學/公共事務學院/都市計劃研究所/碩士(2010年)

摘要

所謂「住業均衡」是指住宅供給與就業機會在空間、數量與內容上的均衡，也就是說民眾無頇遠離居住地點至其他空間單元內就業，在特定範圍內自給自足，滿足居住與工作需求。運輸建設是影響住業均衡的重要因素之一，因為可及性的改善，提高長距離通勤行為的發生機
會，促使住業失衡的現象，增加通勤成本與時間的耗費。國道5 號於2006 年通車後，縮短宜蘭跟台北間的旅行距離，打破以往生活圈的空間結構，是否因為如此促進台北與宜蘭間人口對流，致使台北通勤圈的擴大？進而形成住業不均的現象？

回顧過去對住業均衡的研究文獻，多著重於指標的設計及住業失衡的改善策略，忽略討論運輸建設對住業均衡的影響。本研究目的以國道5 號與台北─宜蘭地區為對象，實證分析高速公路建設對住業均衡的影響，以促進住業均衡為目標，研擬策略以供地方政府參考。本研究使用國道5 號通車前與後的旅運需求資料，運用文獻評析、線性迴歸及線性規劃之三種方法進行研究，蒐集國內外相關文獻彙整出|J/ER-1|、空間相異指數、通勤時間和超額通勤共四種住業均衡指標，首先利用線性規劃運算住業均衡的指標之一：超額通勤，最後透過線性迴歸校估高速公路對各住業均衡的影響關係，據以探討達成住業均衡的發展策略。

為瞭解台北與宜蘭地區之間是否有差異性，分成總體、台北縣市及宜蘭縣三種樣本資料，探討高速公路建設後對各住業指標的影響關係，其實證結果發現造成活動分布上失衡的因素有國道5 號通車後、汽車持有率愈多、房地價格愈高、高等教育人口愈多等變數的影響，相對地距交流道愈近、已婚族群愈多住業則愈均衡。若是從旅行時間的觀點探討住業失衡的因素，可發現人口愈集中、汽車持有愈多的地區其通勤時間愈長，反之國道5號通車後、高等教育人口愈多、房地產價格愈高、勞動人口愈多通勤時間愈短，此結果與活動分布有所不同，乃因交通的便利而縮短往返工作至居住地的時間，實則居住與就業區位不在同一地區。

為減緩住業失衡的現象，本研究依據實證發現研擬住宅與就業開發量的控管，土地使用規劃的配置，高速公路車牌管制和高乘載管制，尖峰時段徵收交通壅擠費，利用通訊科技鼓勵小型工作室設立等五項策略，提供都市計畫、交通運輸和產業經濟三部門之策略發展參考。

關鍵字

高速公路 ； 住業均衡 ； 線性迴歸 ； 線性規劃

並列摘要

"Job-housing balance" refers to the balance between housing supply and employment opportunities in terms of space, quantity and content. In other words, it is unnecessary for people to leave away from their residences to workplaces. Instead within a certain area both living and working needs are self-sufficient. Developing transport infrastructures is one of the important factors affecting job-housing balance.Improving accessibility increases the incidence of long-distance travel behaviors. This could result in the phenomenon of job-housing imbalance as well as the increase of commuting costs and time consumed. The opening of Freeway No.5 in 2006 has shortened the travel distance between Yilan and Taipei and changed the spatial structure of people’s daily lives. Has the population interactions between Taipei and Yilan been raised, which results in the expansion of the commuting areas of Taipei and imbalanced living and working phenomenon?

Most of the previous researches about job-housing balance emphasized the design of indicators and strategies for mitigating imbalance. The impact of transport infrastructures, however, on job-housing balance has been neglected in discussion. Taking Freeway No. 5 and Taipei-Yilan are as research subjects, the purpose of this
study is to empirically analyze the impact of freeways on job-housing relationships;furthermore, to develop strategies for the local governments to achieve job-housing
balance. In this study, the before-and-after travel demand data of the opening of Freeway No. 5 was used as research data, and literature review, linear regression and linear programming were applied as research methods. First of all, from relevant literature, four job-housing balance indicators were extracted: |J/ER-1|, spatial
dissimilarity index, commuting time and excess commuting. Secondly, the linear programming approach was used to measure the indicator of excess commuting.Finally, the impacts of highway on job-housing balance were explored by linear regressions and the development strategies on balancing the relationships between housing supply and employment opportunities were recommended.

The sample data was classified into aggregate, Taipei City/County and Yilan County in order to identify if there were differences between Taipei and Yilan. The empirical results show factors that caused imbalanced distributions of activities include the opening of Freeway No. 5, higher vehicle ownership, higher housing prices, and more higher-educated population. Raletively, variables such as closer to
the interchanges or more married population could induce a more balanced job-housing relationship. From the aspect of travel time to discuss the factors of job-housing imbalance, the results show that longer commuting time occurs in areas with more concentrated population or higher vehicle ownership. Contrarily, the opening of Freeway No. 5, more higher-educated population, higher estate prices, and more working population could cause shorter commuting time. This result is different from the distribution of activities inasmuch as better accessibility could reduce
commute time between workplace and residence, whereas in fact the locations of residence and employment are in different areas.

Based on the empirical findings in this study, five strategies are suggested as strategic development references for urban planning, transportation and economic
sectors to alleviate the phenomenon of job-housing imbalance: amount control of housing and employment development, configuration of land-use planning, license
plate management and high occupancy vehicle control on freeway, levy of congestion fee in rush-hour, and encouragement of setting up branching offices and the usage of communication technologies.

並列關鍵字

freeway ； job-housing balance ； linear regression ； linear programming

參考文獻

1.白仁德(2009)，「福爾摩沙高速公路北部路段建設前後沿線地區人口空間分佈變遷之研究」，都市與計劃，第36卷，第1期，頁5-23。

1.Anderson, W. and Lakshmanan, T. R. (2008), “Highway-induced development: Evidence from Sri Lanka,” World Development, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 2371-2389.

2.Careey, J. and Semmens, J. (2003), “Impact of highways on property values: Case study of Superstition Freeway Ccorridor,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 1839, pp.128-135.

3.Cervero, R. (1989), “Jobs-housing balancing and regional mobility,” Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 136-150.

4.Cervero, R. (1996), “Jobs-housing balance revisited trends and impacts in the san francisco bay area,” Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 492-511.