政府風險溝通之研究－以美國牛肉進口為例

The Study of Governmental Risk Communication－The Case of U.S Beef Importation

楊蕙菱(HUI LING YANG)

指導教授 ： 張四明

國立臺北大學/公共事務學院/公共行政暨政策學系/碩士(2013年)

摘要

在風險全球化的變遷之下，區域、地區性的風險己不再局限於該地區而是會成為一個跨國性的問題。而當風險對民眾造成危害時，風險管理應為政府之責任。為了應對風險，政府需依民眾的需求來制訂合適的風險政策。據此，政府須要了解民眾對風險的看法與民眾的需求，風險溝通的需求即應運而生。風險溝通在政府的風險管理當中擔任一重要的角色，無論是政府將政策傳遞出去或是了解民眾的需求。
本研究乃以美國牛肉進口議題為例，試圖了解政府在美國牛肉進口議題上的風險溝通策略為何、利用何種管道來傳遞風險訊息、在風險溝通時所遇到的困境與缺失為何。藉由了解政府在美國牛肉的風險溝通之困境與缺失，提供政府於日後食品安全風險溝通之意見。
本研究之研究方法為文獻分析法以及深度訪談法，利用文獻分析法來了解目前和風險溝通相關的研究之進程、開放美國牛肉進口議題之發展以及政府明文規定的風險溝通策略，與民眾對政府的看法。再輔以深度訪談法來訪問政府人員、媒體以及非營利組織，以得知政府在美國牛肉進口的風險溝通所採用的方法與遭遇到的困境、缺失；同時，亦可以了解民間團體、民眾在回饋政府意見的管道為何。
經由文獻探討以及深度訪談之分析後，本研究發現政府在風險溝通當中常陷入的困境為：發言窗口或言論不一；與媒體互動不良；以及資訊不夠透明、公開等。且政府在美國牛肉進口議題中的缺失有：進行溝通前已有不可更動的結論；溝通渠道的有效性存疑；以及政府對美國牛肉進口之管理出現漏洞等三項。
因此，本研究認為政府在日後的風險溝通時，應當將政府單位步調統合以統一發言人之言論；將民間的專家納入專家委員會；召開與民眾說明的風險溝通會議需要有專家與會，以提高風險溝通效能；將政府資訊公開透明化，以減少不實報導的出現；以及向歐盟的預防政策看齊，落實食品產銷履歷制度。最後，筆者希望能藉此論文來幫助我國政府及民眾了解風險溝通在食物安全的領域中的重要性，以改善我國日後在食品安全的風險發生時，政府的應對程序進而減少該風險所造成的傷害。

關鍵字

政府風險溝通、風險溝通、美國牛肉進口

並列摘要

Under the tread of globalization, a local or regional risk shall no longer be confined to the region but will also become a transnational issue. When the said risk may potentially harm the people, the risk management should be the government's responsibility. In order to cope with the risks, the government shall need to formulate an appropriate risk policy according to people's needs. Accordingly, the government needs to understand people's perceptions of risk and the needs of the people, causing the need of the risk communication. Risk communication play an important role in the government's risk management process, either the government policy need to be delivered to the people or the government needs to understand people's needs are both within the aspect of risk communication.
This study tries to figure out the communication strategies, the communication tunnel for delivering risk messages, the difficulties of risk communication and the difficulties and errors encountered by the government in the U.S. beef importation issue. Accordingly, by discussing the difficulties and errors encountered by the government, opinions can be made to the government in the future to the food safety risk communication situation.
The present study utilizes the techniques of document analysis and in-depth interview. In the document analysis portion of this study, we can understand such as the theory of risk communication, the studies about risk communication, the communicational strategies of government, and the perspectives of how citizen think about governmental risk communication. In the in-depth interview portion of this study, we are able to understand the dilemmas and problems of governmental communication by interviewing the governmental stuffs, mess media, and civic groups. Meanwhile, we can also understand how the civic groups and citizen provides the feedback to the governmental.
By utilizing the document analyzing and in-depth interviewing techniques, some dilemmas that usually happened in governmental risk communication have been found. For example, those dilemmas comprise the different respondents of governmental department, the bad interactions between the mass media and government, and the lack of governmental public risk information. Furthermore, by the same techniques as previously described, some problems about governmental risk communication in the case of U.S beef importation issue have also been found. For example, the government has their own inflexible standpoint before communication begins, doubts about the effectiveness of communication channels exist during the communication process and governmental management of the food safety does not comprehensive.
Thus, by the conclusion of the present study, we suggest the government should integrate the respondents between governmental departments, government could invite civic expert to join governmental expert committee, experts having various background should join the public hearing to make sure the public hearing does work, the risk information should be public to reduce the wrong news, and government could learn the precautionary principle of EU.
Finally, the author wish the present study may assist the people and government to understand the importance of risk communication in the aspect of food safety so as to improve the government's response procedures when the safety risk of food occurs for reducing the harm caused by the risk.

並列關鍵字

Governmental risk communication, risk communication, U.S. beef importation

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