摘要
客工制度下的跨國勞力遷移，尤其在中東與亞洲地區，面臨短期契約與驅離的問題，移工無法著根，因此無法直接套用移民理論。但隨著勞力遷移的輸出與接收端的越加緊密的發展，使得這些原本在制度安排下高度流動與不穩定的群體，遷移路徑不斷的往返於輸出與接收國間，逐漸黏著在接收國，成為流動中的固著現象。遷移組態，透過全球移工市場、國家政策，以及遷移網絡三個關鍵分析層次，便是分析研究跨國客工遷移的理論架構。菲律賓跨國勞力遷移組態的第一時期開始於1974年，菲律賓政府的勞力輸出政策，這對於形塑菲律賓的龐大勞力輸出具有關鍵性的影響。除了在美國殖民傳統所形成的美菲之間的跨國遷移，銜接原本連結中東市場的遷移網絡並擴大成為全面性的私人商業仲介網絡。第一時期以1990年中東這個主要市場發生波斯灣戰爭作為終結。戰爭所帶來對於跨國遷移的大規模終止，改變了菲律賓政府的勞力輸出策略，開始思索分散風險，並積極開發與拓展東亞市場。另一方面，1997年的亞洲金融風暴使得來自勞力輸出國的競爭加劇。全球移工市場在第二個時期，同時在中東與亞洲的改變，勞力輸出國採取對策因應，並且也使得私人仲介的勞力遷移網絡因為競爭而逐漸形塑了亞洲市場慣習。第二時期看似無可逆轉，由商業仲介網絡所主導的遷移模式在2006年逐漸產生改變。2006年的HSWs reform菲律賓政府對於家務勞工保障400美元最低薪資的措施，開始以較強勢的態度切入勞力遷移市場，並且產生一定影響。2010年的RA 10022 則是衝擊高仲介費的亞洲市場。這些轉變的重要背景是，全球對於跨國移工權益的逐漸重視，隨著移居數量持續增加與時間的延長，移工網絡與接收國在地組織逐漸凝聚與串聯。跨國勞力遷移強弱不一地在各個時期存在，是一個綿延不斷的過程，因此並不存在某個因素存在與全然消失的問題，相反的，全球移工市場的變遷、國家政策，以及跨國遷移網絡一直在不同時期扮演關鍵角色，遷移者透過進入商業仲介網絡或是在移工社會網絡中，成為遷移組態結構的一部分。
並列摘要
The trans-national labor migration were confined under the restriction of Guest Worker institution, especially in the Middle East and Asia, migrant workers are facing with the problems of short term contract and deportation. They were hard to settle permanently in the host country, so we can’t apply the immigration theories directly. With the improvements in the connections between sending countries and host countries, those migrants who were highly mobility and unstable under the institutional arrangement, getting settled in host country will constitute to the phenomena of stable migration. The configuration of migration is a theoretical framework for researching and analyzing of transnational Guest Workers. The first period of the configuration of migration of the Philippines started with the labor exporting policy in 1974. It created the migration network not only from the Philippines to United States, but also to the Middle East, thus resulted in an overwhelming migration networks. The first period ended with the break out of Gulf War in 1990, which not only suspended labor migration in large scale, but also changed the labor export policies. On the other hand, Asia financial crisis in 1997 caused the competitions between different labor sending countries. In the second period, the labor sending governments had to cope with the new Asian market, and were reluctant to regulate it. As a result, the competition between sending and receiving agencies shaped the market habitus of Asia. This unchangeable market habitus changed gradually since 2006. The Philippine government implemented the HSWs reform policy to protect the overseas domestic workers assuring them with a 400USD minimum wage. And then the implementation of RA 10022 in 2010 impacted the Asia migrant markets. The phenomena of labor migration existed with different strength in different periods. It’s a persistent process, which cannot be activated or stopped by a single event. On the contrary, the change of Global migrant markets, policies of state, and trans-national migration networks played a key role in each specific period. The individual migrant became a part of the configuration of migration by entering into private agencies network or migrant social network.
參考文獻
延伸閱讀
- 葉基仁（2019）。新經濟移民法與勞動生產力並進，填補產業人力缺口。台灣經濟論衡，17(1)，42-49。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=P20191104001-201903-201911040003-201911040003-42-49
- 黃毓銘（2001）。台灣地區的勞動轉型。資訊社會研究，(1)，257-278。https://doi.org/10.29843/JCCIS.200107.0010
- 陳躍升（2010）。菲律賓的海外勞工匯款與國家發展〔碩士論文，淡江大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6846/TKU.2010.00866
- 蒲國慶（2012）。Development of the Philippine Territorial Claims。台灣國際法季刊，9(2)，123-148。https://doi.org/10.29799/TILQ.201206.0004
- Lam, Y. W. (1980). Economic policy in the Philippines during the American colonialperiod [master's thesis, The University of Hong Kong]. Airiti Library. https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=U0029-1812201200001839