論英文借字中鼻音化程度和母音長度對中文使用者之影響

The effects of nasalization and duration in the adaptation of English nasals by Taiwan Mandarin speakers

陳泱宇(Yang-Yu Chen)

指導教授 ： 盧郁安

國立交通大學/人文社會學院/外國語文學系外國文學與語言學研究所/碩士(2018年)

摘要

在借字中，當遇到不符合原本語言的音韻限制時，不同的修正策略經常被採用（例如：當遇到不能有音節尾輔音時，採用刪除輔音或母音加插來修正）。然而，有時即便符合原本語言的音韻規則，修正策略仍然被採用。本研究目的在於調查台灣中文裡的英文借字，其看似不必要的鼻音加插現象。Huang和Lin（2013,2014）指出，英文VNV字串組合可以通過三種方式借入中文裡，包括單一鼻音（即V.NV；例如：英文Bruno -> bù.lŭ.nuò布魯諾）、鼻音加插（即VN.NV；例如：英文Diana -> dài.ān.nà戴安娜）、和變化出現（即V.NV和VN.NV都有可能；例如：英文Tiffany -> dì.fú.ní ~ dì.fán.nèi蒂芙尼或蒂芬尼）。Huang和Lin提出，鼻音加插的機率與母音鬆緊程度和重音位置有關：當鼻音前的母音為中母音及鬆母音，且該音節為重音出現的位置時，鼻音加插的機率較高。他們認為鼻音加插機率受鼻音化程度和母音長度的影響，也就是鼻音前之母音帶重音較沒帶重音的更加鼻音化，而中文裡VN音節較短的母音長度與鬆母音長度較相近。然而，這兩個因素會產生不同的預測。例如：緊母音較鬆母音更加鼻音化，可是一般來說鬆母音長度較緊母音短。由鼻音化程度的觀點來看的話，緊母音發生鼻音加插的機率較大，而由母音長度的觀點來看的話，鬆母音發生鼻音加插的機率較大。本論文藉由兩個實驗，要求受試者在屏幕上顯示的V.NV和VN.NV注音符號語音轉錄形式間做選擇，借鑒實驗證據，旨在理解每個語音因素對於鼻音加插機率的影響程度。實驗一的結果指出，鼻音化程度有些微的影響，但也發現鼻音加插現象發生在鬆母音多過於緊母音，結果顯示母音的鬆緊對於鼻音加插機率有很大的影響。我們認為這可能是因為鬆母音長度與中文裡VN音節中較短的母音長度更為相近。因此設計了第二個實驗，將緊母音長度調為較短、鬆母音長度調為較長。儘管如此，實驗二和實驗一的結果相似，母音的鬆緊程度深深地影響著鼻音加插的機率。我們認為這是因為台灣中文使用者可能將緊母音聽成雙元音（即英語/e/被聽成[eɪ]、/o/被聽成[oʊ]），而在這種情況下加插鼻尾音不符合中文語法（即CVGN字串組合是違法的）。我們進行了一個後續實驗，進一步檢驗語音組合假說。總體結果證明，借字的變化受到感知以及音韻限制影響。

關鍵字

鼻音前母音 ； 鼻音化 ； 不必要修正 ； 知覺相似性 ； 語音限制 ； 雙重鼻音 ； 借字調整

並列摘要

In loanword adaptation, different repair strategies are often taken in response to illegal strings in the native grammar (e.g., deletion or insertion in response to NoCoda violation). However, repairs sometimes take place when there are no obvious structural violations in the native grammar. This study aims to investigate the seemingly unnecessary intervocalic nasal gemination of English loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin. Huang and Lin (2013, 2014) reported that English VNV sequences can be adapted into Mandarin Chinese in three ways: singleton nasal (i.e., V.NV; Bruno -> bù.lŭ.nuò), nasal gemination (i.e., VN.NV; Diana -> dài.ān.nà), and variation (i.e., V.NV~VN.NV; Tiffany -> dì.fán.nèi ~ dì.fú.ní). Huang and Lin propose that the nasal gemination rate is correlated with tenseness and stress location: nasal gemination occurs more often when the pre-nasal vowel is non-high, lax, and stressed. They attributed the differential gemination rates to the degree of nasalization and vowel duration—stressed pre-nasal vowels are more nasalized than unstressed ones and shorter vowel duration in VN syllables in Mandarin Chinese is more similar to that of a lax vowel. These two factors, however, generate different predictions. For example, the degree of nasalization is stronger for tense vowels than for lax vowels but lax vowels are in general shorter than tense vowels. The degree of nasalization factor predicts a higher nasal gemination rate for tense vowels while the duration factor predicts a higher nasal gemination rate for lax vowels. This thesis draws on experimental evidence and aims to tease apart the relative contribution of each phonetic factor. Two forced-choice identification experiments were conducted in which the participants were asked to choose between V.NV and VN.NV forms with choices in phonetic transcription (i.e., Bopomofo) displayed on the screen. Experiment 1 showed a weak nasalization effect but a strong Vowel Tenseness effect driven by more nasal gemination responses to lax vowels than to tense ones. We spectulate that this might be due to shorter duration of lax vowels for its similarity to shorter vowel duration of VN syllables in Mandarin. Therefore, we designed the second experiment and manipulated the duration of tense vowels to be shorter and lax vowels to be longer. Nevertheless, Experiment 2 showed a similar trend to Experiment 1—a strong vowel tenseness effect. We propose that it is because Taiwan Mandarin speakers might have perceived the tense vowels as diphthongs (i.e., English /e/ to [eɪ], /o/ to [oʊ]) and inserting a nasal coda is illegal in this contexts (*CVGN). A followup experiment was conducted to further examine the phonotactic hypothesis. The overall results suggested that variations in loanword adaptation were guided by perception as well as phonotactics.

並列關鍵字

pre-nasal vowels ； nasalization ； unnecessary repairs ； perceptual similarity ； phonotactic restriction ； nasal gemination ； loanword adaptation

參考文獻

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