失效模式與效應分析(FMEA)應用於鋼構組立風險管理之研究

鋼結構的應用於現代建築中佔有很重要的角色，鋼結構建築不僅可減少對砂石的需求、施工工期亦可縮短、防震結構安全性較高外，亦能減少二氧化碳排放量，且鋼材可以回收冶煉而重複利用，隨著社會對環保意識增長，鋼結構用於綠建築已逐步成長，使鋼結構普遍運用於城市建設、居家住宅及工業建築，如橋樑、地鐵、臨時建築、高層建築、大型廠房等。而鋼構組立是建築工程中危險性最高的一部分，由於鋼構組立過程中，多為高架作業與危險性機械的配合，並且包含了施工架及銲接等高架作業的協調，因此，一旦發生預期外的失效，可能引發重大工安事故，因此在鋼構組立的施工方法及安全性的要求就特別高。本研究以廠房興建為例，特別以鋼構組立的施工方法為主，建立其施工工序的設計應遵守的規範與安全要求，藉此降低鋼構組立失效的風險控制。利用失效模式與效應分析(Failure Mode And Effects Analysis, FMEA)來分析鋼構組立過程中的問題點，以追蹤因過程中失效而導致預期外的結果，增加鋼構組立過程的可靠度、提升作業人員的安全性、減少職業災害發生。經由研究結果發現，導致鋼構組立之意外發生的主因為不安全設備與材料、使用危險方法或程序、未使用安全防護具，故這三項為最優先處理的原因。

關鍵字

鋼結構；施工；安全分析；失效模式與效應分析

並列摘要

Structures fabricated using steel are markedly crucial to modern-day construction. Steel buildings are advantageous for reducing sandstone demand, shortening construction schedules, strengthening antiseismic resistance, lowering carbon dioxide emission, and recycling the use of steel. Following the public’s increasing awareness of environmental protection, steel structures working as green buildings have become more prevalent. This facilitates broad applications of steel structures to urban, residential, and industrial constructions including bridges, subways, temporary buildings, high-rise buildings, and large factories. However, the assembling of a steel structure is the most dangerous stage of a construction project because the process generally involves coordination between overhead operations and dangerous machinery, as well as overhead operations such as framing and welding. Therefore, unexpected accidents may occur if careless actions are taken. Accordingly, the safety demand for construction methods is particularly high during steel structure assembling. In this study, factory constructions were targeted, and particular attention was paid to steel structure assembling methods used therein, to formulate regulations and safety requirements to be followed when designing construction procedures. In addition, a procedure was established to reduce and control the risks of assembling failure. Specifically, the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) was performed to analyze the problems that may be present during the steel structure assembling process and track the accidents caused by process-related failure. This can help enhance the reliability of the steel structure assembling process, assure the safety of workers, and diminish the likelihood of accidental disaster occurrence. In this study, it has been identified that the issues of using unsafe equipment and materials, adopting unsafe assembling methods, and rejecting the use of personal protective equipment have the top priority to be tackled for preventing accidences from occurring during the process of assembling a steel structure.