基於初學者彈奏行為的自動音樂伴奏系統

Automatic Accompaniment System Based on the Beginner's Piano Performance

張祐真(Yu-Chen Chang)

指導教授 ： 張文輝

國立交通大學/電機學院/電機工程系所/碩士(2017年)

摘要

隨著電子音樂科技的蓬勃發展，以MIDI音樂為核心的電子鋼琴已日漸普及化。為了讓演奏者自主練習時能有伴奏配合的效果，前人提出結合電腦輔助與多媒體技術的互動式音樂教學平台；但這些應用程式大都仍受限於固定拍速的伴奏，而無法配合彈奏者主旋律的拍速變化。為了提升初學者的學習動機，本論文開發出一套自動音樂伴奏系統，分為樂譜追蹤、拍速預測與伴奏播放三個核心模組。樂譜追蹤是透過樂譜資訊建構其隱藏式馬可夫模型，進而推算出目前彈奏音符的位置。拍速預測則是採用一次移動平均的趨勢預測法，依據MIDI的時間參數計算當前拍速，並以此預測下一個按鍵時間。主旋律的實驗結果顯示追蹤錯誤率約為3.58%，拍速預測誤差為238毫秒，能精準且快速地掌握初學者的彈奏位置。在自動音樂伴奏系統的播放時間上，實際與預期伴奏也幾乎都能落在100毫秒內。

關鍵字

自動音樂伴奏 ； 樂器數位介面 ； 樂譜追蹤 ； 隱藏式馬可夫模型 ； 拍速預測

並列摘要

In recent years, the low-priced MIDI piano has become one of the most popular musical instruments. MIDI music applications have ranged from simple entertainment to an interactive support system for self-learners at the beginning stage. This study aims at developing automatic accompaniment that achieves synchronization by adapting to the player's performance as a human accompanist would. Our system design can be divided into three sub-problems: score following, tempo estimation and accompaniment generation. To estimate the most probable score position, a hidden Markov model is used as a performance model which follows the score being played in the performance MIDI. To estimate the tempo, we began by extracting MIDI-based parameters concerning onset-time and tempo. Based on their differences, we apply simple moving average to predict the next onset-time of the major melody and accompaniment. Computer experiments on three practice songs demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with an error rate of 3.58% in score following and a deviation of 238 ms in tempo estimation.

並列關鍵字

automatic accompaniment ； MIDI ； score following ； hidden Markov model ； tempo estimation

參考文獻

[1] R.B. Dannenberg, M. Sanchez, and A. Joseph, "A computer-based multi-media tutor for beginning piano students," Interface-Journal of New Music Research, 19(2-3), 1990, pp. 155-173.

[2] R.B. Dannenberg, M. Sanchez, A. Joseph, R. Joseph, R. Saul, and P. Capell, "Results from the piano tutor project," in Proc. of the 4th Biennial Arts and Technology Symposium, March 1993.

[3] T. Kitamura and M. Miura, "Constructing a support system for self-learning playing the piano at the beginning stage," in Proc. of International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition, 2006.

[4] G. Percival, Y. Wang, and G. Tzanetakis, "Effective use of multimedia for computer-assisted musical instrument tutoring," in Proc. of EMME'07, Sep. 2007.

[5] 謝苑玫,電腦輔助音樂教學研究-音符與休止符認知教學之成效分析,國立台灣師範大學音樂研究所碩士論文,1987.