摘要
在現今全球化市場中，各產業在供應鏈之供需間瞬息萬變的情況下，使得提供快速、低成本且優質的產品與服務，是企業提升競爭優勢必備條件。在過去，當企業面對下游之市場之需求不確定時，最普遍的作法，便是利用歷史銷售紀錄及產業相關趨勢﹑資訊來預測未來可能之銷售量，再運用「預測性生產」的方式來進行產品之製造及配送，如此可使企業享有製造與配送之規模經濟，並縮短顧客等待時間，在需求產生時可立即供應產品。 然而時至今日，面對大量客製化需求所造成產品種類激增的情況，除產品複雜度的提高將導致製造成本提高，以及因產品種類繁雜、管理不易而造成供應鏈作業效率低落外，多種不同版本產品的需求預測，對於企業可能造成兩種不同的影響，第一種是在供過於求的情況下，使得某些產品大量存貨，造成存貨成本增加，甚至有產品過時之風險。第二種是在供不應求的情況下，則因某些產品短缺，不僅產生缺貨成本，更因此延長了顧客之等待時間，造成顧客服務水準降低。 因此本研究則針對石英元件製造業為解決因產品多樣化所造成之高存貨水準、低顧客服務水準、產品需求預測困難與供應鏈系統效率不佳等各種問題，應用「延遲策略（postponement strategy）」提出藉由產品規格、製造流程等重新設計規劃，將不同產品間的差異點延遲，待顧客訂單確認後才完成最後差異化的作業；及藉由存貨之集中控管，至需求確定後，再進行最後之配送流程。 而本研究之研究對象應用延遲策略後，所改善之成果如下: 在需求不確定下建立適當之半成品庫存量，有效解決下游客戶需求預測困難之問題，且可增加供應鏈之彈性、加強成本效益、以及改善顧客服務水準。 產品群組化及適量半成品庫存，可縮短產品研發時間。 產品標準化、模組化，減少庫存項目百分之二十六及減少庫存量百分之二十八，同時改善庫存管理及降低呆滯產品風險。
並列摘要
At the globalization of global market and under the rapid changes of supply chain at various industries, it is necessary for enterprise to enhance the competition capability by supplying products and services with responsiveness, low cost and excellent quality. Previously when enterprise faced the uncertainty of needs at market, the general approach to predict the future demand is applying historical sales data and related industrial trends & information. Further making use of “predictive manufacturing” to produce and distribute products, the enterprise can enjoy its economies of scale and reduce waiting time for customers by immediately supply upon receiving requests. However for the time being, facing the leap of product species resulted from mass customization, the enterprise suffers from higher manufacturing cost due to increasing complexity and low efficiency at supply chain due to product multiplicity and management difficulty. It is also affected in two ways. Firstly the supply exceeds the demand that result in high amount of inventory, stocking cost, and even risk of phasing out. The other is the cost of product shortage due to undersupply and the inferior customer service due to the prolonged waiting time for the customers. This study is therefore to solve the problems at crystal industry of high inventory level, low customer satisfaction, request prediction difficulty, and low efficiency at supply chain, etc. that due to product diversification of crystal components. The “Postponement Strategy” is applied, through planning redesign of product specifications and manufacturing process, to the delay of differences between products until the acknowledgement of customer orders, then completes the final differentiating operation. And the ultimate distribution process is fulfilled by centralized inventory control and request confirmation. The improvement achievements to the research subject through the postponement strategy are: Under the uncertainty of demand, the WIP is built up properly. It effectively solve the problem of demand prediction difficulty and enhance the flexibility of supply chain, cost effectiveness, and customer service satisfaction. By product grouping and adequate inventory control, the lead time of product development can be shortened. By product standardization and modulization, the inventory items can be reduced by 26% and volume by 28%. The inventory management and risk of obsolete and slow-moving inventories can be improved.
參考文獻
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