明代遣官賑濟之研究：以何喬新被遣賑濟為例

Research the central officials are in temporary relief in the place in Ming dynasty: with Ho QiaoXien is the example of investigation

游仲賢(Zhung-Xian You)

指導教授 ： 賴澤涵

國立中央大學/文學院/歷史研究所/碩士(2011年)

摘要

皇帝派遣京官至地方賑濟之行為，係為遣官賑濟。該制並非創例，而是延續漢代以來面臨發生天災之後，乃派朝廷官僚至地方災情嚴重之區巡視。
遣官賑濟之制雖未於《大明會典》成為定制之記載，亦未成為私家書寫政書的內容。論及皇帝所派出京官次數：隨著政治腐敗以及皇帝逐漸不管朝政，比起明太祖、明成祖還少；跟所派京官的層級逐漸微官化，係成正比。該制在明代經歷三次轉變，所派出的官員，論其品級逐漸微小。這會影響到該員執行權力，亦造就「督理荒政」關防之初現。
論被遣賑濟之官的個人操守大不相同，亦導致時人對於該制是否進行於災區存了很大爭議。尤其是嘉靖年間的席書：他本身涉及議大禮之議題，讓原本僅單純賑濟之事，變得錯綜複雜。一場政治角力之後，席書擺脫了被指控的罪名。
何喬新為宦經歷係從京官低階再轉入地方官，而後入朝為官，係明代典型升遷方式。分析何氏擔任地方官時，主軸觀察他的為人以及賑濟作為：雖然賑濟作為不能代表他的賑濟思想，然就現有史料僅能呈顯他的賑濟作為──更凸顯地方性特色。
其次，描繪何喬新被遣賑濟之實例：成化二十年山西發生旱災，隔年一月朝廷所做決策，經過臣僚討論之後，乃何喬新以刑部侍郎派往山西賑濟。何氏賑濟之方式，跟他在擔任巡撫時期，是有繼承。巡撫在救濟山西同時，亦有何氏指揮救災，呈顯救濟雙軌運作，但因為何氏與巡撫葉淇官階平行，故比較難以上對下給予命令。
李衍賑濟陝西、賈俊賑濟河南，他們與賑濟之區相關性，以及其背景與為官經歷跟當地是否連結？李氏擔任過京官內的小官，而後轉任地方官，再回到朝廷。他比賈俊與何喬新更早至陜西擔任事務，不久才任命為兼職賑濟。賈氏以「末代」監生出任科道員，而後轉任地方官，最後入朝為官。他與何喬新相同地曾在被遣賑濟之區擔任過職務，同時命至災區做賑濟之務，但不同時間召回朝廷。
觀察他們所做賑濟之行為，雖無法擺脫過去賑濟之作法，甚至到達當時所能夠達到的最大極限，亦無嘉靖時期席書因政治因素弄得滿城風雨。因此，救活不少災民以及安置他們，不至於淪落為流民或官府眼中的「賊寇」。
關鍵詞：遣官賑濟、侍郎、巡撫、何喬新、李衍、賈俊、葉淇

關鍵字

巡撫 ； 侍郎 ； 遣官賑濟 ； 何喬新 ； 李衍 ； 賈俊 ； 葉淇

並列摘要

Abstract
The behavior that the emperor sends the central officials to go to the place to give relief to the victioms of nature disaster names Qianguan Zhenji(遣官賑濟). That rescure system isn''t originate at Ming dynasty. Instead, this kind of system follows Han Dynasty imperial government which faces the occurrence of natural calamities, sending the related bureaucrat to the area of in tour place.
Qianguan Zhenji system hasn''t been recorded in the government book(Daming Huidian,大明會典) record, nor has it being recorded by the private recorder. The frequency that emperor sends out the officails declines with the gradual ignorance of managing political business gradually and the political corruption of political. It''s few to compare with Ming Taizu(明太祖) and Ming Chengzu(明成祖). Become a direct proportion with the central officials'' layer class gradual low rank sent. That system experiences three changes in the Ming Dynasty, the officials sent, talk about its grade the minuteness is gradually. This will influence the member performance''s power, also accomplish the beginning official seal of Duli Huangzheng(督理荒政).
The personal integrities of the executive offical has also causing the public of Ming Dynasty into bebate that whether system should be carried on in the disasterous area or not. For example, the Xishu(席書) of Jiajing(嘉靖) years. He is involving in the subject of the controversy of the rite system thus let the system issue becomes complex. After the wrestling of political power ,Xishu’s getting rid of being accused of the criminal charges.
The process of ranking promotion of Ho Qiaoxien(何喬新) that from the official post career to officials in the place then to the central officials, from low ranking to central is the represtantion of Ming Dynasty typical model of promotion way. This resarch mainly observes Ho’s behavior and the action of giving relief. Although giving relief to conduct and actions can not represent his to give relief to thought, however the existing historical data only can present to show his to give relief to conduct and actions--highlight a local special feature more.
Then, this resarch would describe the example that Ho Qiaoxien is sent to give relief which takes place during the drought in Chunghoa(成化) 20 years. Following next year in January the central decision has been done after discussing by the court officials that Ho is sent to a place to give relief as vice president of board in board punishments. The way that ho gives relief is serving as governor of a province''s period with him, it is already to inherit. When the governor of Shanxi(山西) province is relieving the place also receive ho''s commanding presenting two sets of system movements. But the offical rank of ho and the governor of province Yeqi(葉淇) official are the same, it is hard for Ho to give order to Yeqi.
Compare the conduct Liyan(李衍) gives relief to Shanxi(陝西) and Jiajun(賈俊) gives relief to Henan(河南), do the relativity that the area they rescure and their background of their career are related? Li once served as the minor official in the central officer, and then transferred to officer in the place and returned to imperial government again. He goes to Shanxi to serve as business earlier than Jiajun and Ho Qiaoxien then soon just appoints to give relief to for having a part-time job. Jia serves as a impeach official from the academy student of "last generation" and then transfers to officer in the place, the end goes into central is officer. He is like Ho that has served in the rescue place giving rescue t othose in need. But they have been called back to the central office in different time.
Observeing their behavior of giving relief to those in need, although their action caouldn''t break away from the past, they achieves the utmost and don''t cause the political inccident like Xishu(席書) dring Jiajing(嘉靖) years. Consequently, save to live a few victim of disasters and setting them, be unlikely to degenerate for flow people or "robber" in the authorities.

Key word: Qianguan Zhenji、vice president of a board、governor of a province、Ho Qiaoxien、Liyan、Jiajun、Yeqi

並列關鍵字

vice president of a board ； govern ； Qianguan Zhenji

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