- 學位論文
違背建築術成規罪之研究─從公共工程管理的角度探討
A Study Of The Violation Of Established Rules Of Construction ：From The Perspective Of The Public Engineering Project Management
摘要
刑法第193條以「行為人身分別」、「建築物」、「營造或拆卸」及「建築術成規」為規範立法，迭遭爭議，從現代公共工程管理的角度觀之，頗值得探討。本文首先就本罪屬性與內容分析，次為導入公共工程品質管理理念與權責劃分原理，探究本罪構成要件該當性，並檢討本罪與營繕工程法規範，獲致以下結論： 一、承攬工程人與監工人為一相對性概念，監工人係為由外部監督及審查承攬工程人營繕行為而設，隨公共工程全生命週期規劃、設計、施工與維護等階段而有不同行為人，具有空白構成要件性質，須由其他法律或行政機關發布之行政規章或命令補充。 二、本罪行為客體「建築物」，通說認為，以「建築法」規定為限。惟就本罪法益保護立法意旨，本文認為「建築物」為「供人使用之物之本體」，內涵應為土木、建築工程等供人使用之構造物本體，例如橋樑、房屋、擋土牆、護岸、…等建築構造物本體。 三、通說認為，「建築術成規」為不確定法律概念，經由解釋、演繹成適用「習慣法」。惟本文認為，其具有空白構成要件性質，應限縮於「營繕工程法規命令、依法頒布之技術規則或規範」，以符「罪刑法定原則」。 四、人類共同生活發展歷程中難免遭遇挫折，就本罪規範目的而言，應檢討營繕工程法規範是否存有缺失或不足，並修法以建構良善之執（營）業環境，確保營繕工程品質，實非執著於重刑立法政策之便宜行事，即可遏止不法廠商「偷工減料」行為而使人民獲得安居樂業。 本文經由上述所獲得之結論，擬定本罪修正草案以為修法參考： 第193條（違背建築或相關設備技術成規罪） 於建築物或相關設備規劃設計、施工或維護時，有指揮、監督、審查或維護檢查、管理權者，違背建築或相關設備技術成規，致生他人生命或身體危險，處三年以下有期徒期、拘役或科或併科五萬元以下罰金。 因而致人於死者，處無期徒刑或七年以上有期徒刑；致重傷者，處三年以上十年以下有期徒刑。
並列摘要
According to Article 193 regarding Violation of Established Rules of Construction in Criminal Code is based on the “identity of actor”, “construction”, “erecting or demolishing a structure”, and “the established rule of construction”, it has brought about the arguments of the society, therefore, it is necessary to study and probe into the issue in a perspective of the modern public engineering project management. In this study, the issue of related regulations and laws will be studied and probed. First of all, by analyzing the Violation of Established Rules of Construction in the Criminal Code, and implemented the public engineering project management and the related regulations to discuss with the criminal evaluation. Furthermore, to evaluate the residual supervisory gaps in existing law. Findings and conclusions are discussed as followed: I.A contractor and an overseer are a relative concept. An overseer is established to guard externally and examine a contractor’s operations. Additionally, according to the lifecycle of the public engineering project, the actors may be classified in the stages of planning, designing, operating and maintaining, and it causes the accomplishment of the constituent elements of Blank Criminal Rules（Blankettstrafgesetz）, therefore, it shall also apply to another law or order. II.A construction generally shall only apply to Architecture Laws. However, in this study, a construction should include civil and public engineering projects, such as bridges, houses, retaining walls, berm ditch and so on. III.Custom in law is the established pattern of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting, and generally the established rule of construction is an indefinite law concept. In this study, the established rule of construction causes the accomplishment of the constituent elements of Blank Criminal Rules to be in conformity with the principle of Nulla poena sine lege (Latin: "no penalty without a law") only if limited in Contract of Construction and Repair Works IV.In the evolutionary history of life, suffering setbacks are hard to avoid. Therefore, this study is aimed to examine the shortages of the Article, moreover, to propose and suggest for the government organization to legislate to ensure the public engineering qualities. Furthermore, people can live a prosperous and contented life by avoiding using inferior materials and turning out substandard goods. The suggestion will be provided to be a reference material for the government organization to legislate as followed: Article 193 (Violating an established rule of construction in erecting or demolishing a structure) A contractor or an overseer who takes command of, guards, examines, inspects or supervises construction planning, designing, operating or maintaining that endangers public safety, injuries to life, body or health by violating an established rule of construction in erecting or demolishing a structure shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years, detention, or a fine of not more than NT$50,000. If death results from the commission of piracy, the: offender shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or for not less than seven years; If serious bodily harm results, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment for not less than three and not more than ten years.