兒童及成人物體個體化的歷程：外觀及運動線索的影響

物體個體化（object individuation）是物體認知的基本歷程，也是人類得以學習物體知識的基礎。物體個體化歷程主要以物體運動的時空訊息及物體外觀的特徵作為線索，過去的研究很少探討物體是否具有動作行為發動能力的行為線索在此歷程中扮演的角色。物體的動作行為發動能力（agency）的判斷線索可分為靜態及動態兩類，過去的研究大多以嬰兒為對象，並發現根據這些線索進行判斷的能力，在1歲以後即漸趨穩定，本研究則以4至6歲的學前兒童及成人為對象，探討物體個體化歷程的發展，以及物體運動的行為線索（即其是否具有動作行為發動能力）所扮演的角色。結果顯示，物體運動方式順序的不同會影響受試者對該物體未來自我移動能力的預期，且在成人與兒童受試者間一致；而額外增加的時空線索則影響了受試者的物體個體化判斷結果。此效果可能是由於靜態線索與動態線索在動作行為發動能力判斷上的影響力不同所致。而成人與兒童受試者間的判斷差異，則凸顯了足夠的物體經驗對物體判斷的影響：成人由於對物體外觀與其自我移動能力之間關係具有較豐富的經驗及知識，因此呈現出較為一致的判斷傾向。

關鍵字

動態線索；外觀線索；動作行為發動能力；個別化；物體個體化

並列摘要

Individuation/identification and agency judgment are two basic domains of object recognition that will automatically start as soon as we see an object. There are two kinds of cues for object individuation/identification, the featural cues and the spatiotemporal cues, and two for agency judgment, the static cues and the dynamic cues. Most of the studies in this area used visual habituation paradigm and found the ability to individuate/identify an object developed at the age of 1. The present research adopts another paradigm, in which children verbally answer the experimenter’s questions, to investigate how the featural cues and conflicting dynamic cues affect the other domain of object recognition. Subjects in this research are forty-eight adults and 72 four-to-six-year-old children who underwent a series of three experiments. In experiment 1 and 2, two objects, one at a time, with identical appearance (consistent featural cues) and contrary ability of self-propulsion (inconsistent dynamic cues) were shown to the participants so that the participants would not know how many objects were in the tests. In experiment 3, before the exactly same procedure as established in experiment 1 and 2 was displayed, a cue trial from which the participants would receive the idea that “there are actually two objects with same appearance but different ability of self-propulsion” was given. In experiment 1, adults’ individuation/identification and agency judgment on the basis of the conflicting cues are explored whereas in experiment 2 and 3, those of children’s are explored. Research results demonstrate that the order an object shows its ability of self-propulsion makes a difference to participants’ reasoning in object individuation/identification and agency judgment. Furthermore, adults show a clearer tendency in agency judgment than children do. The role of adults’ richer object experience and the theory of the weight differences of static and dynamic cues in making agency judgment are therefore discussed.)

並列關鍵字

dynamic cue ； featural cue ； self-propulsion ； object individuation ； identification

參考文獻

Baillargeon, R. (1994). How do infants learn about the physical world? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 3(5), 133-140.

Biro, S., Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2007). The role of behavioral cues in understanding goal-directed actions in infancy. 164, 303-322. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6123(07)64017-5

Biro, S., & Leslie, A. M. (2007). Infants' perception of goal-directed actions: development through cue-based bootstrapping. Dev Sci, 10(3), 379-398. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00544.x

Csibra, G. (2008). Goal attribution to inanimate agents by 6.5-month-old infants. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Cognition, 107(2), 705-717. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.08.001

Csibra, G., Gergely, G., Biro, S., Koos, O., & Brockbank, M. (1999). Goal attribution without agency cues: the perception of 'pure reason' in infancy. Cognition, 72(3), 237-267. doi: 10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00039-6

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兒童及成人物體個體化的歷程：外觀及運動線索的影響

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