- 學位論文
現代康區藏傳佛教寺院經濟研究
The Modern Kham Area History Research on the Monastic Economy of Tibetan Buddhism.
摘要
學術界探討佛教寺院經濟，主要在佔有財產(土地莊園、人身、特許產業、貴金屬)，贈與、繼承、買賣處分資產，戒律規章、賦稅徭役、借款放貸融資，公益慈善事業或經商貿易；乃至宏觀的公權力勢力積極地介入與控制，如僧官體系、政策法令、訴訟判例、官方認可的度牒僧籍與寺院總量登錄管制；子母寺院間高低階序的臍帶關係所導致的朝聖、任命、受戒及相關物資流動、饋贈等聯繫；涵括僧眾主持的生命儀禮、節日慶典法會等物資集中再分配、饗宴，苦行高僧的個人領袖感召魅力吸引朝野城鄉信眾佈施護持等。 本研究嘗試從歷史人類學、文化史角度切入藏傳佛教，剖析於1880年至1950年代藏東康區政治經濟變遷過程的歷史脈絡，詮釋現代佛教在亞洲各區域乃至青康藏高原文化間的適應，人們如何利用經典文本、高僧傳記書寫樹立的理想典型規範制約，釐清在家、出家身分言行倫理；並透過教理戒律與社會輿論、慣習多方對話及折衝，形成傳統價值行為，辨識宗教教義和宗教理念在僧俗日常生活實踐的移轉。寺院經濟理論以Gernet、Aziz、Carrasco、Goldstein論述為主，透過中英印政府官方函電公文及檔案、各國研究機構出版的專書、期刊及文獻，與喜馬拉雅和中國西南區域的民族誌、UMI美加地區碩博士論文、佛教高僧傳記等，分析反思亞洲佛教寺院經濟：貴金屬、土地與勞動力的運用，以及禮物互惠流動的僧俗共生關係，進一步探究歸納藏傳佛教的一般性(general)共通特質。
並列摘要
The dissertation takes shape within the Tibetan Buddhism and focus on monastic economy; it pays particular attention to a holistic and comparative view for Asian Buddhism, such as Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism (Yunnan, Myanmar and Thailand). Not only cross cultural studies but also concern their historical contexts and religious dimensions. The author has attempts to research Tibetan Buddhism through historical anthropology, cultural history. Find out the practically ascribed, achieved status between layers and monks. It is grounded mainly in the theoretical and ethnographic works of Gernet, Aziz, Goldstein, Spiro, Tam and UMI dissertations. It examines the processes of the political, economical variation processes by detail analysis its context in Hsi Kham(Eastern Tibet) area during 1880 till 1950 period, and discusses the modern Buddhism try to adapt with Asian and Himalayans local cultures, how peoples do with ideal type of Buddhist livings by means of critical review these historical documentary, literate texts and the autobiography of honorable monks. This study confronts these problems by rethinking the precious metals, lands and labors application, moreover debating the flows of gift, reciprocity of symbiosis [lay – monastic, mother – daughter monastery (bilateral) circulate recycle relationships], concept of merit, karma at native’s point of view. The conclusion emphasizes the clearly understanding the general rules for monastic economy of Asian and Tibetan Buddhism settings.