半總統制的演化與政治穩定： 以克羅埃西亞為例

The Semi-Presidential Transforms and Political Stability: A Case Study of Croatia.

葉宗鑫(Ye Zong-Sin)

指導教授 ： 蔡榮祥

國立中正大學/社會科學院/政治學系/碩士(2014年)

摘要

目前半總統制為最多國家採行的體制，然而半總統制國家因各種因素與體制對於行政權歸屬的不確定性，開始有向總統制或內閣制傾斜的現象以及半總統制次類型的演化。其中本文所探討的國家克羅埃西亞在總統權力降低後，由總統國會制演化為總理總統制，其政治運作情形是否穩定，為本研究的目的。
傳統的研究智慧指出，決定半總統制政治穩定有三，分別為總統的權力、政黨體系與府會一致性。因此本文要探討的問題為：一、克羅埃西亞的修憲原因；二、修憲前後各政黨的競合內容；三、總統、總理與國會的互動。本文發現，克羅埃西亞各個政黨雖在修憲後的初期產生較為嚴重的衝突，但在日後的政府運作中，對於多黨的政策制訂可能產生的高協商成本以及不穩定多數所造成的政策反覆等相關困境都能夠逐一化解，顯見多黨體系對於總理總統制的政治穩定並不必然會造成運作的困難。此外，本文更發現克羅埃西亞在其半總統制次類型演化後，其政治穩定的決定因素為多黨執政聯盟在國會中的席次與政黨在選舉前後的合作有關，這與傳統的研究智慧下認為兩黨總理總統制因有穩定多數較容易產生的政治穩定的論點有所不同。

關鍵字

總理總統制 ； 半總統制 ； 克羅埃西亞 ； 政治穩定

並列摘要

Until now, semi-presidentialism has been adopted in a great number of states. However, the semi-presidential courntries have lots of factors and uncertainty of executive accountability. The semi-presidential courntries have a trend to transform into presidentialism or parliamentalism, even transform into the sub-types of semi-presidentialism. The purpose of research focuses on the political engineering that president-parliamentarism has been transformed into the premier-presidentialism after the presidential power has been reduced.

According to traditional wisdom, political stability has three elements: presidential power, party system and the congruence of presidential-parliamentary relation. Because of three major elements, this research extends three questions. First, why did Croatia amend its constitutional？ Second, what are the contents of competition and cooperation before and after the constitutional amendments？ Third, how are the interactions between the president, premier and parliament？The research finds out that the political engineering of Croatia is instable after the beginning period of constitutional amendment, but the government’s operations overcome the policy of high negotational cost of multi-party system and solve the policy of erratic and volatile of forged majority in the later period. Therefore, the multi-party system causes incomplete difficulty engineering in the premier-presidentialism. Furthermore, the research finds out that political stability is connected to the parliament seats of the pluralism cabinet and the party negotiation before and after the election. It is different from the traditional wisdom argues the premier-presidentialism causes political stability eaily based on a clear majority.

並列關鍵字

Premier-Presidentialism ； Semi-Presidentialism ； Croatia ； Political Stability

參考文獻

吳玉山，2002，〈半總統制下的內閣組成與政治穩定比較俄羅斯、波蘭與中華民國〉，《俄羅斯學報》，2：1-46。

吳玉山，2011，〈半總統制：全球發展與研究議程〉，《政治科學叢論》，47：1-32。

沈有忠，2004，〈半總統制下的權力集散與政府穩定：臺灣與威瑪共和的比較〉，《臺灣民主季刊》，1(3)：99-129。

沈有忠，2009，《威瑪憲政變奏曲 : 半總統制憲法的生命史》，臺北：五南。

沈有忠，2010，〈半總統制的崩潰、延續與轉型：威瑪共和與芬蘭的憲政比較〉，《問題與研究》，49(2)：99-130。