- 學位論文
自我效能、解釋偏誤與社交焦慮嚴重程度：自我效能與解釋偏誤之中介效果
Self-efficacy, interpretation bias and severity of social anxiety : the mediator effect of self-efficacy and interpretation bias
摘要
社會認知論中，個體會對情境中的潛在威脅進行評估，並判斷自己是否能因應潛在威脅 (Bandura, 1988)。Clark 與 Wells (1995)以及 Rapee 與 Heimberg (1997)的認知行為理論中，皆曾提及高社交焦慮者對自身的假設，以及對自身能力與外在行為標準差距的覺察，均可能影響個體對情境的解釋，促使個體將情境解釋為負向，引發其焦慮感受。本研究嘗試翻譯解釋偏誤問卷 (研究一)，並將之用於探討自我效能、解釋偏誤與社交焦慮之間的關聯，釐清自我效能及解釋偏誤是否具有中介效果 (研究二)。研究一受試者為 126 名大學生 (平均年齡為 21.31 歲)，需完成中文版 IJQ 及 FNE 問卷。以內部一致性信度、Pearson 相關分析、Spearman相關分析進行資料分析，藉以驗證中文版 IJQ 之信效度。研究結果發現信度部分，中文版 IJQ 第一部分之評分者間一致性為 83.96%至 93.35%，中文版 IJQ 第二部分解釋排序之內部一致性 Cronbach α 為 0.41 至 0.75 (社交情境題項解釋排序之Cronbach α 為 0.40 至 0.73、非社交情境題項解釋排序之 Cronbach α 為 0.18 至0.35)。效標效度部分，各項解釋偏誤分數與 FNE 之相關落於 -0.47 至 0.35 (p < 0.01)，代表各解釋偏誤預測 FNE 之能力達顯著。上述結果顯示中文版 IJQ 尚具基本的信效度。研究二受試者為 104 名大學生 (平均年齡為 20.58 歲)，需完成一般自我效能感量表、害怕負向評價量表、貝氏憂鬱量表、情境特質焦慮量表以及中文版 IJQ 等問卷。以階層迴歸分析、Pearson 相關分析及 Spearman 相關分析，釐清自我效能與解釋偏誤是否具有顯著相關，並驗證自我效能、解釋偏誤與社交焦慮之間的關聯，以及自我效能及解釋偏誤的中介效果。研究結果發現自我效能與多數解釋偏誤分數之相關均達顯著水準 (r = -0.52 ~ 0.39，p < 0.05)，僅自我效能與非社交情境之顯著負向解釋排序相關未達顯著水準 (r = 0.07，p > .05)。而自我效能、解釋偏誤與社交焦慮之間的中介關係，結果發現自我效能及自由作答之解釋偏誤指標 (負向解釋總數)，兩者與社交焦慮之關係中，互為部分中介變項，意即自我效能與社交焦慮的關係，被自由作答之解釋偏誤指標部分中介，反之亦然，至於在強迫作答之解釋偏誤指標中 (全問卷及社交情境題項之正向解釋、顯著負向解釋)，自我效能與社交焦慮之關係，被解釋偏誤完全中介。本研究主要貢獻，其一為將解釋偏誤問卷 (IJQ)翻譯成中文，且經本研究驗證，中文版 IJQ尚具基本的心理計量特質，未來可供研究社交焦慮之解釋偏誤者使用。又本研究發現自我效能及解釋偏誤會互相影響，且皆會造成社交焦慮感受上升，對於社交焦慮的介入而言，日後若能結合自我肯定訓練及調整解釋偏誤，對於改善社交焦慮的介入及效率能有所幫助。
並列摘要
In social cognitive theory, individuals would evaluate potential threat in the situations, and judge whether they could cope potential threat (Bandura, 1988). In the cognitive behavioral theory of Clark and Wells (1995) and Rapee and Heimberg (1997), both theory had mention that high social anxiety individuals would have some hypothesis about themselves. High social anxiety individuals would be aware with the gap between their ability and external behavioral standard. The hypothesis and awareness could make high social anxiety individuals attempt to interpret situations in negative fashion. It might promote anxiety. This research tried to translate Interpretation and Judgmental Questionnaire into Chinese (IJQ) (Study 1). We examined the relationship between self-efficacy, interpretation bias, and social anxiety by using IJQ. Additionally, we hope to clarify the mediator effect of self-efficacy and interpretation bias (Study 2).In study 1, a total of 126 college students were recruited (M = 21.31 years old). All participants completed the Chinese version of IJQ and Fear negative evaluation scale (FNE). Data analysis, such as internal consistency, pearson correlation and spearman correlation were included in order to verify the psychometric property of Chinese version of IJQ. The inter-rater agreement of Chinese version of IJQ Part 1 is 83.96% to 93.35%. The internal consistency coefficient of Chinese version of IJQ Part 2 is 0.41 to 0.75. The internal consistency coefficient of the explanation order of social situation is 0.40 to 0.73. The internal consistency coefficient of the explanation order of non-social situation is 0.18 to 0.35. The relationship between interpretation bias index and FNE are -0.47 to 0.35 (p < 0.01). These finding suggest that the psychometric property of Chinese version of IJQ was fundamentally satisfactory. In study 2, a total of 104 college students were recruited (M = 20.58 years old). All participants completed the General self-efficacy scale (GSES), FNE, Beck depression inventory (BDI), State-Trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and Chinese version of IJQ. Hierarchical regression was conducted to verify the relationship among self-efficacy, interpretation bias, and social anxiety. Besides, this research test mediator effect of self-efficacy and interpretation bias. Results indicated that the relationship between self-efficacy and most of interpretation bias indexes are significant (r = -0.52 ~ 0.39, p < 0.05). However, only the relationship between self-efficacy and profound-negative interpretation order of non-social situation item was not significant (r = 0.07, p > 0.05). Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the interpretation bias index of free responsed item (number of negative interpretation) was a significant predictor of social anxiety and functioned as a partial mediator between self-efficacy and social anxiety. Also, hierarchical regression analysis demonstrates that the self-efficacy is a significant predictor of social anxiety and function as a partial mediator between interpretation bias index of free responsed item and social anxiety. As for the interpretation bias index of force responsed item (positive and profoundly negative interpretation of all items and social situation items), it functions as a mediator between self-efficacy and social anxiety. The main contribution of this study, firstly, this research translated IJQ into Chinese Version with the satisfied reliability and validity of its psychometric property, and hoping to provide one more option in the field of interpretation bias research. Secondly, this research found that self-efficacy had effect on interpretation bias, and vice versa. Both of self-efficacy and interpretation bias had effect on deteriorating social anxiety. For the intervention, it would be effective and efficient for clients to combined assertiveness training and modification of interpretation bias to face their social anxiety.