上下半臉對於臉部表情知覺之影響：凝視對應的探討

Influence of Top and Bottom Part of a Face to the Perception of Facial Expressions: A Gaze-Contingency Investigation

陳盈希(Ying-Hsi Chen)

指導教授 ： 襲充文

國立中正大學/社會科學院/心理學系/碩士(2016年)

摘要

在辨別人臉時人們展現出相對於辨認其他物體更加快速且正確的辨識能力，此一能力被認為可能是基於整體處理的使用，眼睛、鼻子、嘴巴等臉部部件之間的組態關係同時也被納入辨識過程當中，而非將各個部件獨立處理。然而，相較於臉孔身份辨識，臉部表情辨識是否基於整體處理目前仍未獲一普遍的共識。部分臉孔部件，例如笑嘴，在辨認特定表情時扮演相較於其他部件更為重要的角色，而不同表情或有其特別關鍵的部件，或必須倚賴全臉的資訊來進行辨識。為探討臉部表情辨識過程中整體處理與部件處理之參與，以及比較表情辨識上東西方文化的差異，本研究使用台灣臉孔資料庫（襲充文、黃世琤、葉娟妤，民102），透過三個實驗檢驗了六種基本表情上、下半臉於辨識個別表情時所具備之權重。實驗一先以辨認表情半臉、全臉，以及與中性半臉之合成臉的表現建立各表情中上、下兩半臉的權重基準線。其中開心下半臉與悲傷上半臉各自在辨識該表情時擁有關鍵的影響力，其餘表情則無較強勢的半臉。實驗二則使用Calvo等人（2013）所提出之凝視對應（gaze contingent）設計，限制參與者在刺激呈現當下無法直視特定半臉，比較表情全臉、表情半臉，以及表情半臉與開心下半臉或悲傷上半臉之合成臉的表現。結果符合過去實驗所得，開心下半臉即便未被直視仍然能影響上半臉表情之判斷，然悲傷上半臉卻無法在未被直視的情況下造成同樣的影響。實驗三進一步減少所使用的刺激種類至悲傷及中性兩種，並使參與者能夠在刺激呈現當下直視悲傷上半臉，其對表情辨識之影響方獲展現。綜合上述結果，我們認為表情辨識並非單純依賴整體處理或部件處理，而是一自整體至部件處理的連續性向度，不同表情類別會分別落在此一向度的不同位置上，擁有較關鍵半臉的表情可能位於接近部件處理的一側，其餘表情則位在近整體處理的另一端。

關鍵字

臉部表情

並列摘要

While face recognition have been believed based on holistic processing, which means not only the components about also the configural information between each component plays important role when recognizing faces, the perception of facial expressions may based on both holistic and part-based processing. First, in Experiment 1, we used top and bottom halves of six basic facial expressions displayed (a) separated, (b) combined with an emotionally congruent half, or (c) combined with a neutral half, and compared the performance between each condition. The results showed that the bottom-half face of happiness, the smiling mouth, and the top-half face of expressing sadness play a more powerful role than the other part when recognizing these facial expressions, while the remaining expression didn’t show a tendency to relay on one half more than the other one. So, in Experiment 2, we choose these two parts as target, with gaze contingency design (Calvo, Fernández-Martín, & Nummenmaa, 2013), we examined if we can replicate the finding of Calvo et al. (2013), and whether the top-half of sad expression will show a similar effect to a smiling face which can affect the facial expression recognition of the other halves even without focal attention. The results, while replicated the findings of Calvo et al. (2013), the effect of the top-half of sad expression, however, was not as clear as the smiling mouth. In Experiment 3, when allowing participants to focus attention on the top-half, the top-half of sad expression finally shows it’s influence. Taken together, we suggested that the perception of facial expressions based on both holistic and part-based processing, but the two processing may vary their proportion between different facial expressions, the expressions which have a powerful half part, like the happy expression, may depend more on part-based processing, the remaining, on the other hand, rely more on holistic processing.

並列關鍵字

facial expression

參考文獻

襲充文、黃世琤、葉娟妤（民102）。台灣地區華人情緒與相關心理生資料庫─大學生基本情緒臉部表資料庫。中華心理學刊，55(4)，455-475。

Beaudry, O., Roy-Charland, A., Perron, M., Cormier, I., & Tapp, R. (2014). Featural processing in recognition of emotional facial expressions. Cognition & emotion, 28(3), 416-432.

Calder, A. J., Young, A. W., Keane, J., & Dean, M. (2000). Configural information in facial expression perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception and performance, 26(2), 527-551.

Calvo, M. G., Fernández-Martín, A., & Nummenmaa, L. (2012). Perceptual, categorical, and affective processing of ambiguous smiling facial expressions. Cognition, 125(3), 373-393.

Calvo, M. G., Fernández-Martín, A., & Nummenmaa, L. (2013). A smile biases the recognition of eye expressions: Configural projection from a salient mouth. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66(6), 1159-1181.