大學普通化學實驗課程對實驗室內甲醛逸散濃度特性之研究

Characteristics of Formaldehyde concentration in a General Chemistry Laboratory in an University

劉萱萱(Hsuan-Hsuan Liu)

指導教授 ： 謝連德

國立屏東科技大學/工學院/環境工程與科學系所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2013.00144

摘要

行政院環保署為了改善室內空氣品質以及維護國民健康，於 2012 年 11 月 23 日公布室內空氣品質管理法，並施行新訂定的室內空氣污染物標準，其中大專校院等教育機構即受室內空氣品質管理法管理。由於甲醛為室內環境中常見的空氣污染物質，國際癌症研究機構於 2004 年將甲醛歸類為致癌物類別第一級，有鑑於此，本研究以南部某一國立科技大學之普化教學實驗室作為研究對象，針對大學普通化學實驗課程在每週不同實驗單元（共11個單元）之操作活動下，對實驗教室內甲醛逸散濃度特性，以及實驗室內無實驗活動進行時，室內與戶外的空氣中甲醛濃度進行調查。研究於實驗課現場旁，同步利用攜帶式甲醛直讀儀器及氣象條件偵測儀器進行全程連續採樣。實驗結果顯示：
（1）實驗室內有實驗活動時的甲醛平均濃度為 0.007 ± 0.004 ppm；物理性實驗活動的平均濃度為 0.007 ± 0.006 ppm；化學性實驗活動的平均濃度為 0.007 ± 0.003 ppm；室內無實驗活動時（背景值）的平均濃度為 0.011 ± 0.002 ppm；實驗室戶外的平均濃度為 0.011 ± 0.004 ppm，所有測值均低於環保署室內空氣品質標準值（< 0.08 ppm）。
（2）將不同實驗數據與實驗室背景值相比，發現實驗室背景值為有實驗活動時的 1.58 倍；是物理性實驗活動的 1.51 倍；是化學性實驗活動的 1.62 倍；是戶外濃度的 1.43 倍。
（3）經SPSS相關分析結果，發現所有甲醛濃度值與溫度皆呈現顯著正相關性（p < 0.01）；與相對溼度皆呈現顯著負相關性（p < 0.05）；再進一步以SPSS進行回歸分析，發現所有甲醛濃度值與溫度（F = 114.601；p < 0.01）及相對溼度（F = 18.046；p < 0.01）的回歸模式為顯著。
(4)經行政院環保署於 2011年 7月 20日發布之健康風險評估之技術規範中的暴露劑量推估公式和風險度數值估算公式計算普化實驗室有實驗活動時，實驗室內活動人員甲醛暴露劑量介於 9.80E-05 到 9.50E-07，致癌風險度介於 4.41E-06 到 4.27E-08。由此可知本研究之普通化學教學實驗室室內有實驗活動時，室內甲醛含量對室內人員健康的影響極小。
因實驗室無實驗活動時（背景值）的甲醛濃度較有實驗活動時的甲醛濃度高，故建議實驗人員進入實驗室進行實驗之前，先將門窗與通風設備開啟，將累積在室內環境的甲醛氣體和熱能排至室外環境，增加空氣置換率以利降低實驗人員暴露於高甲醛濃度環境而造成健康危害。

關鍵字

密閉空間 ； 甲醛 ； 逸散 ； 室內空氣品質 ； 健康危害

並列摘要

To improve indoor air quality and protect the health of Taiwanese citizens, the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), Executive Yuan, promulgated the Indoor Air Quality Management Act and the newly established indoor air pollutant standards became effective on November 23, 2012. Educational institutions, including colleges and universities, were required to be in compliance with the Indoor Air Quality Management Act. Because formaldehyde is an air pollutant commonly observed in indoor spaces, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified formaldehyde to be a Group 1 carcinogen. Therefore, this study used a general chemistry teaching laboratory in a national university of technology in Southern Taiwan to explore formaldehyde emission-concentration characteristics inside laboratories when undergraduate students conducted experiments using different teaching units (11 units) of a general chemistry experiment course. In addition, the formaldehyde concentrations inside and outside the laboratory when experiments were not being conducted were measured for analysis. Next to the experimental site, concurrent and continuous sampling of formaldehyde concentrations was conducted using a portable direct-reading formaldehyde monitor and a weather detector. The experimental results are as follows:
(a) The average formaldehyde concentration measured during experimental activities in the laboratory was 0.007 ± 0.004 ppm, and reached 0.007 ± 0.006 ppm for physical experimental activities and 0.007 ± 0.003 ppm for chemical experimental activities. Concentrations reached 0.011 ± 0.002 ppm in the indoor laboratory when no experimental activities were being conducted and 0.011 ± 0.004 ppm outside the laboratory. All the measured values were lower than the indoor air-quality standards established by the EPA (< 0.08 ppm).
(b) A comparison of different experimental data and background values in the laboratory showed that the background value of the laboratory was 1.58-folds the value measured in the laboratory during experimental activities; 1.51-folds the concentration value measured during physical experimental activities; 1.62-folds the concentration value measured during chemical experimental activities; and 1.43-folds the outdoor concentration measured value.
(c) The SPSS correlation analysis results revealed that all formaldehyde concentration values were significantly and positively correlated to temperature ( p < .01) and possessed significantly negative correlation with relative humidity (p < .05). Moreover, the SPSS regression analysis results showed that all regression models of formaldehyde concentration values to temperature (F = 114.601; p < .01) and relative humidity (F = 18.046; p < .01) reached the level of significance.
(d) Based on the exposure-assessment formula and risk-assessment formula provided in the health risk-assessment technical norms promulgated by the EPA on July 20, 2011, the calculation results regarding the general chemistry laboratory indicated a 9.80E-05 to 9.50E-07 exposure to formaldehyde and a carcinogenic risk between 4.41E-06 and 4.27E-08 inside the laboratory during experimental activities. These results suggest that when experimental activities are conducted in a laboratory when teaching general chemistry, the indoor formaldehyde concentration has a minimal effect on the health of personnel inside the laboratory.
Because the formaldehyde concentration in the laboratory was higher when experimental activities were not being conducted (background value) compared to the value measured when experimental activities were being conducted, we suggest staff open doors and windows, as well as turn on ventilation devices to ventilate the formaldehyde and heat accumulated inside the laboratory before conducting experiments. Increasing the air-exchange rate can reduce the health risk of experimenters that is caused by exposure to an environment with a high formaldehyde concentration.

並列關鍵字

Confined space ； Formaldehyde ； Emission ； Indoor Air Quality ； Health hazard

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