- 學位論文
有機材料於洋香瓜(CV. Huigu)有機生產之研究
Use of organic materials as growing media for melon (Cucumis melo L. CV. Huigu) production in organic cultivation
摘要
本研究是在國立屏東科技大學，於2013年8月至2015年5月期間進行。本研究的目的為(1)評估以蚯蚓糞堆肥(vermicompost, VC)、菇類栽培後介質(spent mushroom substrate, SMS)與硫(S0)混和配製之生長介質的物理化學性質，以及對洋香瓜種苗生長及養分吸收的影響；(2)評估牛糞堆肥(cattle manure compost, CaMC)與椰子殼(coconut husk, CH)取代蚯蚓糞堆肥的效果。並調查菇類栽培後介質、蚯蚓糞堆肥、硫與牛糞堆肥及椰子殼組合物，對生長介質物理化學性質及洋香瓜種苗的影響以及(3)菇類栽培後介質與雞糞堆肥(chicken manure compost, ChMC)混合物對種苗生長及對洋香瓜生長、產量與果實品質的影響; (4)評估在兩個季節中盆栽洋香瓜於網室條件下，施用菇類栽培後介質、蚯蚓糞堆肥、牛糞堆肥的影響及他們的持續應用性。本研究包含四個部分：第一部份，研究混合物(包含菇類栽培後介質、蚯蚓糞堆肥及硫等)對生長介質的物理化學性質及對洋香瓜種苗生長與營養吸收的影響。第二部份，使用牛糞堆肥及椰子殼替換部份的蚯蚓糞堆肥，探討這些有機材料組合對生長介質物理化學性質及哈蜜瓜苗生長與營養吸收的影響。第三部份，將洋香瓜種苗於育苗期種植於四種不同的基質以及兩種不同比例的有機材料(包含了牛糞堆肥與菇類栽培後介質)。以研究有機材料比例對土壤物理化學性質的影響以及評估不同種苗及不同比例的有機材料，對兩作洋香瓜生長、產量以及果實品質的影響。在第四個部分，第一作的實驗於盆栽網室條件下進行。每盆填滿10公斤混合均勻的土壤。我們混合了每盆0.5、1.0、與1.5公斤的蚯蚓糞堆肥與每盆0.0、0.2、與0.4公斤的菇類栽培後介質。我們調查了蚯蚓糞堆肥與菇類栽培後介質的效果以及網室條件下它們的混合物對土壤的物理化學性質、養分吸收、生長與洋香瓜的產量的影響。第二作，持續使用第一作的盆栽，對栽培介質進行修正，菇類栽培後介質與第一作相同。而在蚯蚓糞堆肥的施用量下降，並且由牛糞堆肥取代。在連續的兩個季節中評估菇類栽培後介質、蚯蚓糞堆肥、牛糞堆肥及其組合對土壤性質以及洋香瓜生產的影響。結果顯示：(1)總體密度與電導度均將隨著蚯蚓糞堆肥在生長介質中的比例增加而上升。同時，增加菇類栽培後介質的比例可提高通氣孔隙度、總孔隙度、保水能力以及pH值。此外，添加硫會引起pH值的下降，並增加生長介質的EC值。最適合種苗生長的介質為50%的菇類栽培後介質及蚯蚓糞堆肥，並每公斤加入1.0公克硫 (S0) 對有益洋香瓜種苗生產。(2)混合SMS、VC、 CaMC及CH與添加S0之介質之EC值介於3.82至4.53dS m-1時適宜honeydew melon幼苗之生長。在相同比例的菇類栽培後介質及蚯蚓糞堆肥下，使用牛糞堆肥使生長介質中的營養元素濃度增加(銅離子例外)。然而使用椰子殼在比例10%及20%下，顯著的增加了生長參數。50%的菇類栽培後介質、30%的蚯蚓糞堆肥及20%的椰子殼之混合介質 (pH = 6.41, EC =3.95 dS m-1)之洋香瓜種苗的生長最佳。(3)增加菇類栽培後介質及雞糞堆肥可提高pH、EC及OM含量及土壤中有效養分的含量，因而增進土壤生產力。透過提供植物營養元素，洋香瓜產量與果實品質與菇類栽培後介質及雞糞堆肥施用量呈現正相關性。不同的種苗在株高及莖幹直徑達99%顯著性差異，但總果實產量及果實可溶性固形物(TSS)無明顯差異。有機材料及種苗在產量及果實品質上並未發現交互作用。根據研究結果，在洋香瓜產量與果實品質的最佳比例為：於種苗生產為菇類栽培後介質(40%)+雞糞堆肥(60%)，而對於洋香瓜網室生產為每公頃10噸的菇類栽培後介質+10噸的雞糞堆肥 (pH = 6.12, EC = 0.54 dS m-1)。(4) 對於菇類栽培後介質、蚯蚓糞堆肥及牛糞堆肥修正後的結果，土壤pH、OM、EC及有效養份含量顯著增加。菇類栽培後介質、蚯蚓糞堆肥及牛糞堆肥的應用還顯示了它在洋香瓜生產過程中具有較佳的營養生長。每盆0.2公斤的菇類栽培後介質+1.5公斤的蚯蚓糞堆肥之處理(EC = 1.68 dS m-1)於第一作，以及每盆0.2公斤的菇類栽培後介質+1.0公斤的蚯蚓糞+1.0公斤的牛糞堆肥處理 (EC = 1.87 dS m-1)於第二作，是最足以提高洋香瓜生產的施用量。
並列摘要
The study was conducted at National Pingtung University of Science and Technology from August, 2013 to May, 2015. The objectives of the study: (1) To evaluate the physical and chemical properties of growing media from vermicompost (VC), spent mushroom substrate (SMS), sulfur (S0) and their effects on the growth and nutrient uptake of honeydew melon seedlings; (2) To evaluate efficiency of using cattle manure compost (CaMC) and coconut husk (CH) to replace for VC. And then investigating the effects of combination of SMS, VC, S0 with CaMC or CH on physical and chemical properties of growing media and the respond of honeydew melon seedlings; (3) To evaluate the effects of seedlings, mixture of SMS with chicken manure compost (ChMC) on yield, and fruit quality of honeydew melon; (4) To evaluate the effects of SMS, VC, CaMC and their continuous application on the soil properties, growth and yield of honeydew melon. The study includes four parts: The first part, we investigated the effects of mixture (including SMS, VC, and S0) on physical, chemical properties of growing media, their influences on growth and nutrient uptake of honeydew melon seedlings. The second part, based on the results of the first part, we used CaMC and CH to replace some parts of VC. And then, we evaluated the influences of combination between these organic materials on physical, chemical properties of growing media and their effects on growth and nutrient uptake of honeydew melon seedlings. The third part, we used honeydew melon seedlings grown in four different substrates in nursery period and two different rates of organic material mixture (including CaMC and SMS). And then, we investigated the effects of organic material rates on physical, chemical properties of the soil. We also evaluated the effects of different seedlings and different rates of organic materials on the growth, yield, and fruit quality of honeydew melons. The fourth part, in the first season, the experiment was carried out in pots under net house condition. Each pot was filled with a homogenized mixture of 10 kg soil. We mixed VC at the rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg/pot and SMS at the rates of 0.0, 0.2, and 0.4 kg/pot. We investigated the effects of VC, SMS and their combination on the soil chemical properties, growth and yield of honeydew melon. In the second season, we continuously used pots from the first season. SMS was amended with the same rates as the first season. However, VC applied was decreased and replaced by CaMC. We continuously evaluated the effects of SMS, VC, CaMC and their combination on the chemical soil properties and honeydew melon performance. The results indicated that: (1) Increasing VC proportion in the growing media induced increase bulk density and electrical conductivity, while increasing SMS content enhanced aeration porosity, total porosity, water holding capacity, and pH value. Besides, S0 addition induced decrease in pH value and increase in EC value of the growing media. Regarding the most suitable media for seedlings, SMS and VC at the ratio of 50% and S0 added with a rate of 1.0 g kg-1 substrate was considered as optimum condition for honeydew melon seedling production. (2) All growing media mixed from SMS, VC, CaMC or CH and S0 with the EC value from 3.82 dS m-1 to 4.53 dS m-1 were suitable for honeydew melon seedling performance. At the same rate of SMS and VC, using CaMC produced an increase of nutrient concentration (except for Cu) in the growing media. The growing medium with 50% SMS, 30% VC, 20% CH (pH = 6.41 and EC= 3.95 dS m-1) gave the best optimum condition for honeydew melon seedlings. (3) Increasing SMS and ChMC enhanced soil productivity by increasing chemical, physical properties (pH, EC, OM) and nutrient concentration in the soil. The different seedlings affected on plant height, stem diameter with the significance at 99% but they did not influence on total fruit yield and TSS of fruits. The interaction effect of organic material rates and seedlings on yield and fruit quality also was not found. Based on the found findings, rates which are the most suitable for yield and fruit quality of honeydew melon are SMS (40%) + ChMC (60%) for seedling production and 10 tons SMS + 10 tons ChMC ha-1 (pH = 6.12 and EC = 0.54 dS m-1) for honeydew melon production in net house. (4) There was significant increase in soil properties such as pH, OM, EC and macronutrient concentration as a result of SMS, VC, and CaMC amendment. Application of SMS, VC, and CaMC also showed that it is very useful in honeydew melon production. However, the rates of 0.2 kg SMS + 1.5 kg VC/pot (EC = 1.68 dS m-1) in the first season and 0.2 kg SMS + 1.0 kg VC + 1.0 kg CaMC/pot (EC = 1.87 dS m-1) in the second season were the most sufficient for higher productivity of honeydew melon in organic agriculture.