墾丁地區台灣梅花鹿（Cervus nippon taiouanus）分布的時空變遷與免疫避孕於梅花鹿生育控制之探討

台灣梅花鹿（Cervus nippon taiouanus）為台灣特有亞種，基於生物多樣性保育之目的而在1984年於墾丁地區開始進行復育計畫。隨著野外族群數量的增長，人－鹿衝突漸增的問題亟待解決。本研究以自動相機監測和物種分布模式探討墾丁地區梅花鹿族群的時空變遷；同時，為尋求梅花鹿族群數量控制方案，亦探討以免疫避孕疫苗對梅花鹿進行生育控制的可行性。綜合而言，梅花鹿野放後的分布範圍隨時間擴大，目前梅花鹿以墾丁國家公園中、南部與縣道200號以北之為最主要的分布範圍，面積已達7200 ha.，然而鹿群在此的空間分布並不均勻，仍以起始組群所在的高位珊瑚礁保留區和社頂公園的相對豐度最高，並向外呈輻射遞減。墾丁地區野生梅花鹿的不連續和不均勻分布現況，還受天然及人工地景屏障的影響。GnRH疫苗的實驗結果顯示，13隻受測鹿隻中，有11隻產生GnRH抗體達三年以上，且免疫後雌鹿血清孕酮濃度與懷孕率皆顯著降低，亦無發現嚴重的副作用，表明對雌鹿而言GnRH疫苗是長效且安全的避孕措施。在雄鹿，80 kDa HSA蛋白質在硬角期（n=3）與茸角期（n=3）鹿隻的睪丸組織皆有表現，且其表現位置具有精細胞專一性；同時，當雄鹿（n=3）體內產生80 kDa HSA抗體時，精子運動力會顯著下降。本研究建議應擬定整體的梅花鹿經營管理策略，以面對漸增的人－鹿衝突問題，除了以系統化網格對現有的梅花鹿分布熱區及可能的擴散途徑進行持續監測，以了解梅花鹿在墾丁地區分布的變化外，在未來梅花鹿可能擴散的區域，亦需及早因應族群擴散後對當地可能帶來的衝擊。現有的農損與森林損害，則應以立即性的防治措施：如以菱形網或電網加以阻隔。而梅花鹿族群數量控制應有更積極的手段，免疫避孕法可作為致死性族群數量控制方法的輔助，而在梅花鹿高密度地區進行全年、長時間的捕捉移除和生育控制，也可以延緩梅花鹿族群的成長速率。

關鍵字

台灣梅花鹿；墾丁地區；物種分布模式；相對豐度指數；免疫避孕； GnRH疫苗； 80 kDa人類精子抗原

並列摘要

Formosan sika deer (Cervus nippon taiouanus), an endemic species to Taiwan, was extinct in the wild until restoration programs established by Kenting National Park (KTNP) in 1984. The expanding population, however, causes nonnegligible human-deer conflicts in recent year. The present study aimed to understand their present and potential distribution by camera trap monitoring and the species distribution model development. Additionally, the immunocontraceptive vaccines were also developed as a measurement for population control. Results showed their present distribution were concentrated in the central and southeastern parts of the KTNP and north of County Route 200. However, the abundance of the sika deer was not evenly distributed, with the highest in Uplifted Coral Reef Nature Reserve and Cheding Park, where the founder group located, and decreasing outwards radially. Natural landscapes and artificial barriers also affected their present distribution pattern. For immunocontraception, GnRH and 80 kDa HSA vaccine were tested in female and male deer respectively. In females, GnRH antibody were induced in 85% (11/13) individuals with stable titer up to 3 years after immunized by the GnRH vaccine, and their serum progesterone concentration and pregnancy rate were also decreased. No obvious side effects were observed in all females. In males, 80 kDa HSA protein was found to be expressed in spermatozoa and germ cells in both hard (n=3) and velvet (n=3) antler stages. Sperm motility also significantly decreased when 80 kDa HSA antibody was induced in male deer (n=3). It is recommended that a comprehensive management strategy should be established to mitigate the increasing human-deer conflicts. Long-term monitoring, using camera trappers, of the distribution and abundance of the sika deer population is necessary in other to implement a science-based management program. Also, the agriculture and forest damages caused by the sika deer should be protected immediately by wire mesh or electric fencings. For actively control of the sika deer population in the high density area, year-round and long-term immunocontraception could be considered as additional to capture and removal so the growth of the sika deer population can be decelerated.

並列關鍵字

Formosan sika deer ； Kenting area ； species distribution model ； relative abundance indies ； immunocontraception ； GnRH vaccine ； 80 kDa human sperm antigen