密閉式毛細自動灌溉系統於溫室蔬菜生產之應用

Automated Closed Capillary Water Distribution Systems for Greenhouse Vegetable Production

科爾文(Kervin Junior Can)

指導教授 ： 陳光堯

國立屏東科技大學/國際學院/熱帶農業暨國際合作系/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST201900382

摘要

「毛細灌溉」是一種省工、省水、少汙染、易維護並具備與自動化系統整合潛力等特性的灌溉方式。本試驗結合定時器、電磁閥、蓄水槽和毛細供水等設備，開發適合溫室蔬菜生產使用之自動灌溉系統，並比較不同灌溉方式下作物之生長情形、用水量、水分利用率、產量及操作工時等。試驗中使用芥菜（Brassica juncea L.）、香菜（Coriandrum sativum L.）和小白菜（Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis）三種作物各150株，分別等量（50株）種植在溫室中三個相鄰區域（A、B、C），區域A使用「封閉式毛細系統」，區域B「人工澆灌」，區域C「封閉式水管毛細系統」，種植密度分別為28.6、28.6及63.2 株每平方公尺。試驗於2019年2月至5月間進行，重複一次，於生長期中分別記錄葉片數、全株鮮重、乾重、介質含水量、系統用水量和作業時間並比較其間差異。結果顯示第一次試驗中，三種作物之植株總葉數在灌溉方式間無顯著性差異，唯第二次試驗中香菜之植株總葉數有明顯差異。芥菜之植株鮮重和乾重，在兩次試驗結果中均以「封閉式水管毛細系統」為顯著性最高。芫荽之鮮重在第一次試驗中以「封閉式水管毛細系統」較高，第二次試驗中則以「封閉式毛細系統」為顯著性最高。白菜之鮮重在兩次試驗中均以「封閉式水管毛細系統」為較高。芫荽及白菜之乾重在兩次試驗結中均以「人工澆灌」為顯著性最高。在「封閉式水管毛細系統」栽培下，三種作物之植株含水量均為最高，且其單位面積產量為「封閉式毛細系統」或「人工澆灌」之兩倍以上，主要歸因為較高之種植密度。兩次試驗中「封閉式毛細系統」和「人工澆灌」均有較高及穩定之介質含水量，而「人工澆灌」之介質含水量較低且變異較大。在總用水量和日平均用水量方面，「封閉式毛細系統」和「封閉式水管毛細系統」於兩次試驗中較「人工澆灌」減少20 ％至50 ％；唯第一次試驗中芥末植株於「封閉式水管毛細系統」下用水量最高。芥末植株的水分利用率（WUE）在「封閉式毛細系統」和「封閉式水管毛細系統」下，於兩次試驗中均顯著高於「人工澆灌」。香菜之WUE在第一次試驗結果中以「封閉式水管毛細系統」為最高，第二次試驗中以「封閉式毛細系統」為最高。小白菜在兩次試驗中均以「人工澆灌」之WUE為最低。第一次試驗中照顧植物和系統維護所需的勞動時間，在使用「封閉式毛細系統」和「封閉式水管毛細系統」時較「人工澆灌」分別減少了85.6％和85.9％，第二次試驗中則分別減少了88.4％和88.8％。總結本試驗在溫室中使用「密閉式毛細系統」、「人工澆灌」及「密閉式水管毛細系統」三種灌溉方式種植蔬菜之結果，顯示在芥菜、香菜和小白菜三種作物之生長上沒有明顯的差異，但在用水量、水分利用率、介質含水量和穩定性以及工時上，兩種「毛細系統」均較「人工澆灌」更具優勢。此一結果證實「密閉式毛細系統」及「密閉式水管毛細系統」施用於溫室蔬菜生產之可行性。儘管如此，在應用於不同作物、溫室規模及生產系統整合上仍需進一步的研究與努力，以期將此一節能、省水、環保之生產方式成功推廣於溫室蔬菜生產。

關鍵字

自動灌溉 ； 毛細灌溉 ； 溫室蔬菜生產 ； 工時 ； 介質含水量 ； 水分利用率

並列摘要

Automated irrigation systems composed of timer, solenoid, reservoir, and wick sub-irrigation components were developed to successfully grow mustard (Brassica juncea L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and pakchoi (Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis) in an experimental greenhouse. Two repetitions were carried out for this experiment, from February to March 2019 and from April to May 2019, respectively. Mustard, coriander, and pakchoi, 150 plants each were evenly arranged into three growing sections (A, B, and C) on benches in an experimental greenhouse. Each section contained 50 plants of each of those three crops, and Section A used “automated wick irrigation” method, section B used “manual watering” method, and section C used “automated PVC wick irrigation” method. Sections A and B had a growing density of 28.6 plant/m2 and section C had a growing density of 63.2 plant/m2. The number of leaves, whole plant fresh weight, dry weight, media water content, water consumption, and labor time were recorded and analyzed in this experiment. Results of final leaf numbers showed there was generally no significant difference among different irrigation methods for different crops, respectively; except for coriander in the second trial. For mustard, PVC wick irrigation produced significantly the highest fresh weight and dry weight in both trials. In coriander, PVC wick irrigation had the highest fresh weight in trial one and wick irrigation had the highest fresh weight in trial two. For pakchoi, PVC wick irrigation had the highest fresh weight in both trials. For coriander and pakchoi, manual watering always had the highest dry weight in both trials. For the percentage water content of mustard, coriander, and Pakchoi, PVC wick irrigation and wick irrigation were always higher than manual watering in both trials. Moreover, results showed PVC wick irrigation could produce twice or more total fresh yield compared to wick irrigation and manual watering for all crops in both trials, which caused by a higher growing density. Results showed wick irrigation and PVC wick irrigation maintained higher media water content with less fluctuation, whereas manual watering always had the lowest media water content with the largest variation (standard deviation) in both trials. Total water consumption and average daily water consumption rates were generally 20 to 50 % less in wick and PVC wick irrigation systems when compared to manual watering method for different crops in both trials; except the PVC wick irrigation for mustard had the highest water use in trial one. For mustard, the wick irrigation and PVC wick irrigation showed significantly higher WUE than manual irrigation in both trials. For coriander, the WUE showed mixed results with PVC wick irrigation being the highest in trial one, and wick irrigation being the highest in trial two. For pakchoi, a lower WUE happened in manual watering method for both trials. Labor time spent for plant care and system maintenance were reduced by 85.6 and 85.9 % in the first trial, and 88.4 and 88.8 % in the second trial, when the wick irrigation and PVC wick irrigation were compared to manual watering, respectively. In conclusion, the automated wick irrigation and PVC wick irrigation systems showed advantages in higher media water content, less media water fluctuations, reduction in water consumption, higher WUE, and lower labor time, while achieving the same if not better growth of mustard, coriander, and pakchoi plants. Overall, the automated wick irrigation and PVC wick irrigation systems showed great advantages and potential in growing vegetable crops in a greenhouse operation. Nevertheless, further research on various crops, scales, and growing conditions need to be done to justify the applications of these systems in greenhouse vegetable production.

並列關鍵字

automated irrigation ； capillary wick irrigation ； greenhouse vegetable production ； labor time ； media water content ； water use efficiency

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