萵苣 (Lactuca sativa) 與小白菜 (Brassica chinensis)
在不同魚菜共生系統下生長之研究

世界人口的迅速增長導致全球糧食需求量增加，而當前世界糧食生產受到天氣模式變化，水資源短缺，土地退化，農藥和化肥的過度使用以及雜草侵擾等各種問題的負面影響，造成全球性糧食短缺，將直接影響全球各區域的生活品質。尤其是世界各地的島嶼國家，更容易遭遇此類問題，因此特別需要積極的對策及解決方案。斐濟共和國是一個位於南太平洋的島國，在農業上面臨著氣候模式變遷和土地使用不當等各種挑戰。因此該國農業部建議採用各種替代耕作方法，期許穩定產能、減少農產品進口、同時能促進生態旅遊業。緣此，本研究著重於評估在不同魚菜共生植物生長系統下，萵苣和小白菜之生長情形、產量及整體表現。本研究採逢機完全區集設計以消弭植物在不同溫室位置下產生之生長差異。將小龍蝦的養殖系統分別納入四個植物生長系統，即湛水浮動系統(FR, floating raft system)、密閉式毛管供水系統(CCWD, closed capillary water distribution system )、營養薄膜系統(NFT, nutrient film Technique)和潮汐昇降系統(E&F, ebb & flow system)，開發成四個不同的魚菜共生植物生長系統(aquaponic plant growing systems)。這項研究在熱帶農業暨國際合作系溫室中進行，該設施具有空氣溫度、相對濕度、光強度、水溫、溶解氧和pH值等監測感應裝置，每天記錄各項環境條件，光強度則每週記錄一次。萵苣與小白菜在播種 28 天後移植。抽樣調查與數據收集每七天收集一次，移植後42天進行最後採收。使用Excel®保存數據，SPSS進行統計分析及Origin 2018軟體繪製圖表。結果顯示萵苣地上部在CCWD系統中生長最快，其次是NFT，FR和E＆F系統。根部則在CCWD和NFT系統中生長較好，隨後是FR和E＆F系統。葉綠素結果在四個植物生長系統之間沒有顯著差異，表示在所有生長系統中均能生產高質量萵苣。淨同化率（NAR）結果顯示在四個植物生長系統中，萵苣的淨光合效率沒有顯著差異。葉面積指數（LAI）結果顯示萵苣在CCWD系統中最高，其次是NFT，FR和E＆F系統；LAI結果與地上部生長結果相符合。萵苣的根冠比在植物生長系統間也沒有顯著性差異。穩定的相對生長率（RGR）結果驗證四個植物生長系統均可提供萵苣適當的生長環境。作物生長率(CGR)結果顯示CCWD系統的整體性產能最高，其次是NFT，FR和E＆F系統。試驗中小白菜在CCWD 系統中實現了較高的地上部產量，其次是NFT，FR和E＆F系統。根部則在CCWD和NFT系統中生長較好，隨後是FR和E＆F系統。通過葉片葉綠素含量的測定，小白菜在CCWD 系統中質量最高。淨同化率（NAR）結果顯示在CCWD系統下有最高的淨光合效率。LAI 結果顯示小白菜的產量在 CCWD 系統中最高，與地上部生長結果相符合。小白菜的根冠比在四個魚菜共生植物生長系統中沒有顯著差異；穩定的RGR結果顯示四個魚菜共生系統均適合小白菜生長。作物生長率(CGR)結果顯示CCWD系統在小白菜栽培中整體產能最高。綜合試驗結果，四個魚菜共生植物生長系統均能成功種植萵苣和小白菜。總體產能以CCWD系統表現最佳，其次是NFT，FR和E＆F系統。四個植物生長系統都顯示出應用於農業生產的潛力，並且有可能推廣為成功的後院或商業化產品。與傳統的耕作方式相比，這些栽培系統的優勢在於高產量、低用水量，全年作物生產，降低病蟲害和消除雜草侵擾。然而這些系統需要在實際情況下進一步研究，以期直接應用於因氣候變化等因素而面臨農業生產問題的太平洋島國或其他地區。

關鍵字

魚菜共生；小龍蝦；作物生長率；葉面積指數；萵苣；淨同化率；小白菜

並列摘要

The rapid growth of the world population has led to an increase in global food demand. However, the current world food production is negatively impacted by problems such as changes in weather patterns, water scarcity, land degradation, excessive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and weed infestation. These problems could cause a global food shortage, which directly affects individuals around the world. Island countries around the world are especially vulnerable to these problems and need urgent solutions. The Republic of Fiji, an island country in the South Pacific Ocean, is facing challenges related to unpredictable weather patterns and improper land use in the agricultural sector. Different alternative farming methods were recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture to reduce imports of agricultural produces while uplifting the tourism industry. Thus, this research focuses on evaluating the overall performance of four different aquaponic growing systems in the growth and yield of lettuce and pak choi. The randomized complete block design was hired to conduct this experiment to eliminate the position factors in the greenhouse. Four aquaponic growing systems, i.e., floating raft (FR), closed capillary water distribution system (CCWD), nutrient film technique (NFT), and ebb and flow (E&F), was developed. Each of these aquaponic growing systems was formed by incorporating a specific plant growing system with the crayfish aquaculture system. This study was carried out in a greenhouse equipped with environmental monitoring systems for both plants and crayfish, i.e., air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH monitoring sensors. Environment conditions were recorded daily, except for light intensity, which was recorded weekly. Lettuce and pak choi were transplanted 28 days after sowing and data on the growth parameters were collected throughout the growing period. Further analysis was performed using SPSS, and graphs were plotted using Origin 2018 software. For lettuce, the CCWD system had the highest shoots growth, followed by the NFT, FR, and E&F systems. The higher root production was achieved in the CCWD and NFT systems, followed by the FR, and the E&F systems. The leaf chlorophyll results did not show any significant differences among the four aquaponic growing systems; therefore, indicating that the higher quality of lettuce was achieved in all four aquaponic growing systems. The net assimilation rate (NAR) results indicated that there were no significant differences in the net photosynthetic efficiency of lettuce amongst the four aquaponic growing systems. The leaf area index (LAI) results indicated that the final yield of lettuce was the highest in the CCWD system, followed by the NFT, FR, and E&F systems. The LAI result verified the conclusion made for the shoot growth results. The root to shoot ratio of lettuce did not show significant differences among the four aquaponic growing systems. The stable relative growth rate (RGR) results indicated that the appropriate growing conditions were provided for the lettuce to grow successfully. The CGR results showed that the overall performance of the CCWD system was the highest, followed by NFT, FR, and E&F systems. For pak choi, the higher shoots growth was achieved in the CCWD system, followed by the NFT, FR, and E&F systems. The higher root production was achieved in CCWD and NFT systems, followed by FR and E&F systems. The highest quality of pak choi was obtained in the CCWD system, as determined by the leaf chlorophyll content. The NAR results indicated that the highest net photosynthetic efficiency was achieved in the CCWD system. The LAI results showed that the final yield of pak choi was the highest in the CCWD system; therefore, verifying the shoot growth results. The root to shoot ratio of pak choi did not show significant differences among the four aquaponic growing systems. The stable RGR results indicated that the appropriate growing conditions were provided for the pak choi to grow successfully. The CGR results indicated that the overall performance of the CCWD system in cultivating pak choi was the highest. Finally, all four aquaponic growing systems were able to grow lettuce and pak choi successfully. The overall results of the experiment indicated that the CCWD had the best performance among all the four aquaponic growing systems, followed by the NFT, FR, and E&F systems. Each of these aquaponic growing systems shows potential in alternative farming and could be successfully promoted as a backyard or as a commercial farming system. The advantages of these aquaponic growing systems over the traditional farming systems are higher growth yields, lower water usage, year-round crop production, eradication of pests and diseases, and elimination of weeds. These advantages can be directly applied to the pacific island countries or regions facing problems related to crop production due to climate change issues. However, further research on the feasibility of these systems in a real situation is needed.

並列關鍵字

aquaponics ； crayfish ； crop growth rate ； leaf area index ； lettuce ； net assimilation rate ； pak choi

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