膨化珍珠岩製成之綠建材應用在輕型鋼構建築體系之研究

台灣發生九二一大地震，倒塌的房屋有十多萬戶，筆者親臨現場反省身為建築師的責任，必須研發出一種耐震構造房子，在建築界推廣應用。輕型鋼構房屋自重約為RC構造的1/3~1/4，輕量化可減緩地震力對結構體造成的傷害，適合位於環太平洋地震帶的台灣。輕型鋼構由2×4木構造工法演變而來，2×4木構造工法流行於日本、美國，隨著工業化發展，日本、美國等國家主流構造從木造房屋逐漸轉變為輕型鋼構，但輕型鋼構於國內仍未開始流行，原因可能為國內居民的居住習慣，或是缺乏建築師的設計習慣、工人的施工經驗等。本研究針對輕型鋼構國內推廣進度遲緩的原因之一為工人缺乏輕型鋼構施工經驗探討，以工人熟悉的施工方式開始教育工班。因此本研究參考美國、加拿大、日本等國輕型鋼構規範、文獻，擷取其構造精華代入台灣常見的鐵皮屋工法，改良成適合台灣本土的工法。鐵皮屋最缺點為外牆與屋頂使用彩色鋼板，不僅外觀醜陋，高熱傳透率更使夏日室內熱環境讓人無法忍受。本研究將文獻蒐集的輕型鋼構板牆構造取代彩色鋼板，以U形鋼、C形鋼、有筋擴張網組成板牆骨架，骨架內部以珍珠岩混凝土、珍珠岩發泡輕質磚填充，珍珠岩建材不僅能使建築物更進一步輕量化，更具有隔熱、吸音性能使室內環境更舒適。珍珠岩屬於沸石礦床母岩，是一種經由火山噴發富含SiO2的酸性熔岩，經快速冷卻而成之玻璃質岩石，原礦採集後碾碎成砂再進行高溫發泡。珍珠岩內含有2~6%結晶水，在預熱爐中以380~470 oC脫水後，再以膨脹爐加熱至1,050~1,150 oC，珍珠岩發生膨化現象形成球狀白色輕質顆粒，稱為膨化珍珠岩，一般膨化倍數介於10~25倍。膨化珍珠岩質輕堆積密度約80kg/m3、多孔，與水泥砂漿混合可成輕質混凝土，除重量輕的優點外，還具有吸音、隔熱、防火等優點。本研究欲將珍珠岩輕質磚的輕質特性再提升一層，製作發泡混凝土搭配珍珠岩。結果顯示不添加珍珠岩的發泡混凝土乾密度可達447kg/m3，摻珍珠岩的發泡混凝土達到最低乾密度290.1kg/m3。膨化珍珠岩於發泡水泥漿中均勻分布且漿料接合介面良好，在發揮珍珠岩特性降低乾密度的同時能保持發泡水泥部分的抗壓強度，相同乾密度情況下膨化珍珠岩發泡混凝土的抗壓強度會大於純水泥發泡混凝土。膨化珍珠岩本身具有穩固的堆積體積，發泡水泥漿僅需填充其之間的空隙即可，不需利用自身泡孔膜狀構造撐起發泡水泥漿，因此低密度的發泡混凝土製作添加膨化珍珠岩是較為穩定且不易失敗的做法。綜合上述，膨化珍珠岩摻入發泡混凝土無論是強度或是製程上都是有幫助的。輕型鋼構搭配珍珠岩建材之構造建築為對應台灣位於地震帶以及亞熱帶環境的良好對策，本研究整理所有相關詳細資料，開發輕型鋼構構造、珍珠岩輕質磚，供後續研究、推廣作為參考。關鍵字：輕型鋼構、輕隔間、膨化珍珠岩、發泡混凝土

關鍵字

輕型鋼構；輕隔間；膨化珍珠岩；發泡混凝土

並列摘要

In the 921 Earthquake, there were more than 100,000 collapsed buildings. This author visited the sites to reflect on his responsibilities as an architect. There is a need to develop seismic-resistant buildings and promote the application of such within the construction industry. A light-weight steel building weighs approximately 1/3 – 1/4 compared to that made with reinforced concrete. Lower weights can reduce the amount of damage to the structure caused by seismic forces. This would be suitable for use in Taiwan which is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire (Circum-Pacific belt). The light-weight steel building is an evolution of the 2x4 wood construction method popular in Japan and the U.S.A. With industrial development, mainstream structures in Japan, the United States, and other countries have gradually changed from wooden structures to light-weight steel, however this has yet to become popular in Taiwan. The reason behind this may be the living habits of local residents, lack of architectural design practices, or construction workers’ experience, etc. In this study, one of the reasons for the slow progress in the domestic promotion of light-weight steel buildings is the related lack of construction worker experience. Construction workers need to start to be educated along familiar construction methods. This study, therefore, refers to the light-weight steel building construction code and literature of the United States, Canada, Japan, and other countries, extracting that structural essence and substituting it into the common Taiwanese sheet metal house construction, further improved into a suitable construction method. What is the most criticized of steel structures is the use of colored steel sheets in the outer walls and roofs. High heat transmission causes the indoor thermal environment in summer to be unbearable. In this study, colored steel sheets are replaced with light-weight steel frame walls, U-shaped & C-shaped steel, as well as metal rib lath sheets form the walls and wall skeletons. The interior of the skeleton is filled with perlite foam boards and perlite foam light-weight bricks. The perlite construction materials not only make the building more light-weight, but also exhibit heat insulation and sound absorption properties to make the indoor environment more comfortable. Perlite belongs to the Zeolite classification of rock deposits. It is a volcanic glassy rock rich in SiO2 formed by rapid cooling after volcanic eruptions. After the original ore is collected, it is crushed into sand and then foamed at high temperature. Perlite contains 2-6% crystallized water. After dehydration at 380 to 470 oC in a preheat furnace, and then reheated to 1,050 to 1,150 oC in an expansion furnace, it expands to form spherical white light particles, called expanded perlite. The general expansion ratio is between 10 and 25 times. Perlite has a light bulk density of about 80kg/m3, is porous, and can be mixed with cement mortar to form light-weight concrete. In addition to the advantages of light-weight, it also has the advantages of sound absorption, heat insulation, and fire prevention. The purpose of this study is to increase the light-weight properties of perlite light-weight bricks to create perlite foamed concrete. The results show that the dry density of foamed concrete without adding perlite can reach 447kg/m3, and the lowest dry density of foamed concrete with perlite can reach 290.1kg/ m3. The expanded perlite is evenly distributed within the foamed cement slurry and the slurry bonding interface is good. It can maintain the compressive strength of the foamed cement while still taking advantage of the characteristics of perlite to reduce the dry density. Under the same dry density, the compressed strength of the expanded perlite foamed concrete is greater than that of pure foamed concrete. The expanded perlite itself exhibits a stable accumulation volume, and the foam concrete slurry only needs to fill gaps. Therefore, the addition of expanded perlite to low-density foamed concrete is more stable and less prone to failure. In summary, the strength and manufacturing process of expanded perlite mixed with foamed concrete is helpful. Light-weight steel structures and perlite building materials are good countermeasures for Taiwan’s seismic zone and subtropical environment. This study collates all relevant details in the development of a light-weight steel structure building and perlite light brick for future research and promotion as a reference. Key words: light-weight steel frame structure, drywall, expanded perlite, foamed concrete.

並列關鍵字

light-weight steel frame structure ； drywall ； expanded perlite ； foamed concrete

參考文獻

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