山荔枝之開花特性與繁殖方式之研究

山荔枝（Nephelium mutabile Blume) 為無患子科（Sapindaceae) 具有潛力的新興果樹，本研究探討開花授粉特性、無性繁殖方式及昆蟲和動物危害種類等建立資料，可供日後栽培與研究之參考。山荔枝的幼年期約5-7年，依花性可分為雄株(僅具雄花，雌蕊退化)和偏雌株(雌花內具雄蕊，但雄蕊之花藥成熟時不開裂)。經調查實生苗雌雄異株的比例為40%：60%（23：46），在台灣每年可開1-2次花，2021年為2月和4月，花後約160天果實開始轉色。為研究授粉習性，開花期間將雌花序套白色紙袋，顯示雌花無法自花授粉發育，栽培管理上需栽種雄株以利授粉。繁殖方法有實生、扦插、嫁接、靠接和壓條等。實生苗是否為雌株或雄株，在開花前無法從植株外觀掌握，通常培養作砧木。扦插平均成活率10%，嫁接成平均成活率25%，空中壓條成苗率75%，山荔枝砧木靠接山荔枝雌株枝條之成活率為93%。但以同為韶子屬的紅毛丹為砧木靠接山荔枝則不具親和性，成活率為0%。植株生育期間觀察記錄昆蟲及動物的危害有，嫩葉易遭粉白蝶幼蟲、臘蟬蛾幼蟲和毒蛾幼蟲啃食。中齡葉有切葉蜂為害，老葉害蟲為粉介殼蟲，果實成熟期為荔枝椿象和松鼠，有機栽培建議搭設網室。

關鍵字

山荔枝；授粉；繁殖；動物危害

並列摘要

Pulasan(Nephelium mutabile Blume) is a potential Sapindaceae fruit tree in Taiwan. This study explored the characteristics of flowering and pollination, asexual propagation methods, and insect and animal damage species, which can be used as a reference for future cultivation and research. The juvenile period of pulasan is about 5-7 years. According to the flower, it can be divided into male plants (only with male flowers, pistil degeneration) and female plants (with stamens in female flowers, but the anthers of the stamens do not dehiscence when mature). The study indicated that the ratio of seedlings of male and dioecious is 40%: 60% (23:46). In Taiwan, generally it blooms 1-2 times a year. In 2021, It blooms time in February and April, and the fruit begins to change color about 160 days after flowering. During the flowering period, the female inflorescence is covered with a white paper bag, and the ovary cannot develop by self-pollination. In cultivation management, male plants need to be planted to facilitate pollination. Propagation methods in pulasan include seedlings, cuttings, grafting and layering. The seedlings are hard to identified sex only after flowering, So They are usually used as rootstocks .The take rate of cuttings is 10%, the average survival rate of grafting is 25%,the seedlings rate of aerial layering is75%, and the survival rate of pulasan rootstocks approaching grafting to pulasan female branches is 93%, However, as compared with rambutan, which belongs to the genus Nephelium,as the rootstocks, it is not compatible with pulasan, and the take rate is 0%. During the growth period of the plant , the hazards of insects and animals were observed and recorded, and the young leaves were easily bited by the larvae of the imported cabbage worm . the larvae of the moth, and the larvae of the poisonous moth. The middle-aged leaves are damaged by leafcutter bees, the old leaves are the mealybugs, and the fruit ripening period is the lychee stink bug and squirrel. It is recommended to set up a net room for organic cultivation.