當代影戲戲偶裝綴、操控與透色設計對臺灣校園劇團發展之影響

摘要皮影戲、傀儡戲以及掌中戲合稱為我國三大偶戲，因為皮影戲以燈光取影，為二度空間的表演型式，演出所需要的環境要求嚴苛。雖然皮影戲傳入臺灣已經有近二百年的歷史，極盛期全臺灣地區也曾達到七十餘團的盛況，但時至2016年本研究再度進行調查，發現全國僅剩下四個表演團隊，是亟待挽救的傳統戲曲藝術之一。1995年高雄縣皮影館開始推廣校園皮（紙）影戲，也因為｢全國學生創意偶戲比賽｣和｢全國師生暨社會民眾影戲比賽｣兩大賽事的開辦，讓校園皮（紙）影戲由南向北逐漸拓展，然而觀察校園皮（紙）影戲的發展過程，察覺部分劇團因為影偶設計和操控等因素造成演出效果不佳，影響表演成績而逐漸放棄延續。但檢視相關皮影戲的論述文獻中，鮮少有關於影偶透光和裝綴以及操控系統的專章論述，故本研究蒐集資料，即針對影偶的設計和操控效果等因素加以探討。本研究的目的並不在於創造「標準的技術規範」，而是以文本研究方法，查閱各文獻和實物，探討臺灣皮影戲的文化傳承脈絡，思索影戲在校園的發展，另一方面也在排除非技術層面因素的情況下，針對技術層面中為各校影戲劇團所困擾的事項，例如燈光、布屏和製偶材料的透光和色彩變化關聯性、裝綴材料以及操偶系統對影偶貼幕的影響等項目，透過訪談法和實驗法的操作，造訪臺灣北、中、南地區，選定四所標的學校，探索各劇團發展經驗和蒐集樣本，以進行後續實作測試和比較分析。由研究結論得知，相同照度下，日光燈之白光相較於其它光源，使影偶的色彩變化更趨近於樣本原色；戲偶材質的透光性，會隨著布屏和光源改變有著不同的色彩變化效果；裝綴連結的材料必須具有透光和安全性的功能才能符合學童的操作；與影偶連結面積較大的操縱桿，可以使戲偶的操控效果更優質。然而這只是影響校園影戲發展的因素之一，其他尚有許多技術層面的要素，例如燈光架設角度和位置、布屏對影戲顯像效果的影響，以及非技術層面的因素，例如教育政策和各種賽事對校園皮（紙）影戲發展的影響性等問題，仍有待專家學者繼續參與研究，給予這項傳統藝術更多的協助。

關鍵字

皮影戲燈光；校園皮(紙)影戲；皮影裝綴材料；皮影透光

並列摘要

ABSTRACT Shadow-puppet play, puppet show and "Glove puppetry" are collectively known as China's three largest puppetries , because the shadow-puppet play shadows with a light for the style of performance in two dimensions, the performance required demanding environment. Although the shadow-puppet play into Taiwan has a history of nearly two hundred years, during its heyday in whole Taiwan there are more than seventy groups here , but till my study started the second investigation in 2016, we found that only four performance groups exist, so it’s one of the traditional puppet art needs immediate rescue. In1995, Kaohsiung County Shadow-puppet Museum began to promote leather (paper) shadow-puppet play in campuses, and held both "National Students’ Creativity Competition" and "National School and Community SP Competition " these two big events, that made it gradually expanded from southern to northern Taiwan。However ,while observing on its development process, we found some of the groups gave up after getting not good scores because of performing not well caused by the factors like design and manipulation .But viewing to the related discussion documents to related to the shadow-puppet play, rarely have particular chapters concerning about the transmittance and Loaded conjugate and manipulation , therefore in this study has collected all data according to the above to discuss in depth. The purpose of this study isn’t to create a "standard specification", but explore the context of cultural heritage objects and think of the development in campuses Taiwan shadow play by text research methods and referring to all documents and objects.On the other hand also exclude factors of non technical aspects and concerning for technical aspects of matters beset playgroups in schools such as lighting, cloth screens and even material’s transmittance , color change relevance, decorative materials and manipulation system’s influence on the scene with puppets, through interview and experiment operation, visiting four selected targeted schools from northern,middle and southern Taiwan to explore the theater development experiences and collecting samples for further test of implementation and comparative analysis. According to the conclusion of the research, under the same illumination , the color change of fluorescent lamp light is more approximate to the original color of the sample shadow puppet compared to other light sources. The transmittance of materials for puppet will change with various color changing effects with changing the cloth screen and lights .Decorative materials must be connected to transmittance and have function of the safety for students’ operation;and even larger linking operating lever can make the puppet manipulation works better. However this is just one of the factors that influence the development of SP in campuses, there are many other elements of the technical level, for example, erection angle and positions of lights and how the film screen cloth effects imaging .