大學生從事照顧服務工作之就業意願及其影響因素探討

目的：在高齡社會的情況下，照顧服務業已成為備受關注的新興產業，然而照顧服務員的人數並未隨之增加，為配合人口老化及長照相關政策，近年來政府鼓勵年輕人從事照服工作，然而投入照服工作的年輕人仍比預期少。因此本研究欲了解大學生對長照職場認知、老人接觸經驗與從事照服工作意願與影響因素，並分析人力培養之問題與困境。方法：本研究對象為南台灣設有長照相關課程的醫管、健管及長照相關科系之大三或大四的學生，回收有效問卷278份。問卷內容包含照服工作「職場認知」、「工作意願及相關因素」、「老人接觸經驗」、「個人基本屬性」。在描述受訪者資料分佈後，變項間進行相關因素分析、獨立樣本t及變異數分析檢定其意願的差異。結果：就從事照服工作意願來看，長照相關科系的學生意願較醫管及健管系高。現今照服條件下，兩成學生有從事意願，一半學生態度中立，不願意者佔三成。不願意因素以組織因素為主，次之為工作環境因素，接著是個人因素。組織因素以人力不足使工作繁重分數最高，工作環境因素以面對家屬壓力大為最多，個人因素中有58.3%的學生認為照服非一輩子的職業。若工作條件改善，53.2%的學生願意從事照顧服務工作，而中立者下降至35.3%。就從事照服工作意願來看，不論改善前後，皆是以長照相關科系的學生意願較醫管及健管系高，但改善後，醫管及健管系的學生平均意願的分數皆有明顯提升。以受訪者過去接觸經驗來看，專業性接觸經驗與從事照服工作意願有關，包含志工或義工之服務老人經驗、臨床照顧老人經驗、長照相關部門或單位實習經驗及照顧服務員證照經驗。結論：不願意從事的因素，反應出現今照服工作問題，即未進入職場者都感受到工作量及家屬責任推托的壓力，使受相關訓練者卻步。工作條件改善後，可知多數學生並非排斥照服工作，組織及工作環境因素是主要癥結。合理的人力比、家屬角色的調整及照服升遷制度是完善照服工作的方向。

關鍵字

大學生；照服工作；照服員；就業意願

並列摘要

Background: After implementing Long-Term Care 2.0 in 2017, the target group was expanded to all those in need of care, so that the number of service users continues to grow in Taiwan. However, the number of nursing aides has not yet increased. In order to adjust the ageing population and long-term care policies, the Ministry of Education has encouraged colleges and universities to establish long-term care related departments in order to attract younger people to join and cultivate future talents. This study will target on college students, who studied in long-term care departments, to understand their willingness and related factors to work as nursing aides for providing a reference for an efficient long-term care human resources development. Method: This study uses sampling method in different ways, by conducing a printed and an online questionnaire survey. The target group consists mainly of junior or senior students in the Department of Long-Term Care and Healthcare Administration/Management attending long-term care related courses in southern Taiwan. 278 questionnaires were collected between February and March 2019. The contents of the questionnaire included the items "personal basic information","nursing aides’ workplace awareness", "willing to work as nursing aides after graduation and related willingness" and "contact experience with elderly". The Likert five points scale is used in the questionnaire. This study uses PASW18.0 statistical software for data processing and analyzis, descriptive statistics, independent samples T-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis and Multiple Regression. Result: The number of women in the study sample is higher (78.8%). Under the existing long-term care conditions, only 18.7% of the students surveyed are willing to work in long-term care service, and most people have not made a choice yet, half of the respondents answered "Average Will" (53.6%) and those who did not want to account for amounted for 27.7%. According to the location of the long-term care, 48.6% of the college students want to be employed in an institution, followed by 40.3% intending to become a community-based nursing aide. This study provides a preliminary analysis of the factors influencing students unwillingness to engage in the nursing aide sector by "Organizational Factors" > "Working Environment Factors" > "Personal Factors". Among the organizational factors, "shortage of human resources lead to heavy workload" is the main reason (74.8%); among the work environment factor, most agree that “pressure from family members” (78.1%) and among the personal factors, most considered "not a lifetime career " (58.3%). The willingness of the respondents to work in long-term care work will increase significantly if the factors mentioned above are improved. Willing or very willing to work as nursing aide accounts for 53.2%, the initial willingness of the majority to “average” decreased to 35.3%. From the past experience of the respondents, the professional contact experience is related to the willingness to work in the service, including the experience of volunteers with elderly, the experience of clinical care for the elderly, long-term internship experience in relevant departments or units, and the experience of the nursing aides’ practice. Discussion: The interviewed students enhance their willingness to work as nursing aide in the future if they have previous experience in providing services for the elderly. Improvement in organizational and work environment factors, including sufficient human resources to make the workload reasonable, improvement of salary and welfare system, reasonable promotion system, good relationship with the case’s family members, good social image, more respect of nursing aide’s professionals etc.; increased the percentage of respondents willing to join in the long-term care work to more than half. Therefore, this study suggests that raising the willingness of college students to do this work can be achieved in two ways: Firstly it can be done by adding more practical courses of nursing the elderly within the education process, to figure out during the learning course if there is a basic interest in nursing aide’s work. Secondly it can be reached by reducing the workload and the stress of nursing by implementing a reasonable human resources ratio for the nursing aides and by establishing a grading system for nursing aides as the basis for promotion for the relevant institution. This study will be continued to analyze in order to plan a nursing aide work-friendly workplace and environment.