- 學位論文
日本與台灣少子化政策之比較
A Comparison of the Policy of the trend of fewer children in Japan and Taiwan
摘要
由於時代快速變遷社會價值欲趨多元，「少子化」現象已成為未來全球社會發展不可避免的趨勢。世界先進國家幾乎都面臨生育率下降及人口老化問題。亞洲國家「少子化」情形以日本發生最早，隨著工商業發達與進步，台灣在人口問題上與日本一樣面臨相同問題。台灣的總生育率從1951年的7.04人一路下滑至1983年的2.17人，1985年低於「人口替代水準」2.1人以下。2016年台灣的育齡婦女總生育率1.17人比日本的1.44人還要低。由此可知，台灣出生率下滑的程度遠超過日本，是「少子化」發展速度最快的國家，「少子化」問題比日本還要嚴重。 面對空前嚴重的少子化問題，日本政府於1990年代開始提出因應之道，從「天使計畫」、「新天使計畫」、「次世代培養支援對策推進法」、「少子化對策基本法」、「少子化社會對策大綱」、「新少子化對策」及「支援兒童與家庭的日本」重點戰略等等一系列的少子化對策，針對幼托政策進行種種的努力，提供良好的育兒措施、工作環境，減輕育兒家庭的經濟負擔，至今已建立了獨樹一格的「少子化對策」。依據日本厚生勞動省公布的人口動態調查顯示2016年的總生育率為1.44人，與十年前2006年的1.32人相比有明顯上升的趨勢。由此可知，日本少子化對策對於提升生育率已有成效。 日本的少子化因應對策起步甚早且傾向長期性規劃，可算是亞洲各國的先驅，與日本相比，我國似乎缺乏一個全面性規劃的「少子化對策」。本研究將藉由探討日本政府「少子化對策」實施的內容以及理念方向，做為台灣當局謀求解決少子化問題之借鏡及因應政策的參據。
並列摘要
Due to the rapid changes of the times, the social values have become more and more diversified. The phenomenon of "The trend of fewer children" has become an unavoidable trend in global social development.Almost all the developed countries in the world are facing the problem of declining birth rate and population aging. Japan was the earliest child-less in Asian countries. With the development and progress of business, Taiwan is facing the same problem with Japan.The total fertility rate in Taiwan dropped from 7.04 in 1951 to 2.17 in 1983 and below 2.1 in 1985 for the replacement level.In 2016, the total fertility rate in Taiwan was even lower at 1.17 than that of Japan's 1.44.From this, we can see that the birth rate in Taiwan has fallen more than that in Japan. Taiwan is the country with the fastest rate of " The trend of fewer children." The problem of " The trend of fewer children " is more serious than Japan. Facing the problem of "The trend of fewer children", the Japanese government began to propose solutions in the 1990s. Such as "Angel Plan" and "New Angel Plan" to provide good childcare measures, a working environment, and a reduction of family economic burden. So far, a unique "countermeasure for "The trend of fewer children" has been established.According to a population vital statistics released by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, the total fertility rate in 2016 was 1.44, a clear upward trend from 1.32 in 2006 ten years ago.This shows that the policy of "The trend of fewer children" in Japan has been effective in raising the total fertility rate. Japan's policy of "The trend of fewer children" has been a long time, it is the first country in Asian. Compared with Japan, Taiwan seems to lack a complete policy of "The trend of fewer children".This study will use the solution by Japan's policy of "The trend of fewer children" to discuss and solve the problem of Taiwan's "The trend of fewer children".